阅读基础考研英语讲义

1、2016英语阅读讲义主讲老师：李旭、唐迟欢迎使用注：该讲义并非老师授课的逐字稿，为保证学习效率以及质量，讲义中并不提供试题，故还请同学们认真听课，并适当做笔记。任何疑问，请同学登陆知识堂进行提问。祝大家学习愉快！1一、 阅读理解部分大纲解考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。题材包括经济，管理，文化，科普等。体裁包括说明文，议和记叙文等。对所读材料，考生应能： 1.理解主旨要义2. 理解文中的具体信息3. 理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系4. 根据上下文推理重要生词或词组的含义5. 进行一定的判断和推理6. 理解作者的意图观点或态度英语（一）和英语（二）的大纲要求区别在于：1. 理解文中的概念

2、性含义2. 区分论点和论据二、的艺术品市场 对于消费习惯的引导外部董事文章主要内容及特点T2 夫妻交流2010T1 T3 T1 T3 T1T3T4美国陪审团制度发展2011T2后的美国报业二战后美国住房风格的发展家庭作业是否应该得到专利T4 欧盟困境商业对人们颜色观念的影响经济对美国的影响问题2012T2T42013T1 技术进步与劳动力关系T3 快速反应行为T2 美国T4 欧洲职场中男女比例问题2014T1 书评探讨金钱与幸福感之间的关系T2 从心理学角度探讨自我感觉良好的现象T3人和工作机会的关系T4 英国经济适用房阅读理解的文章大多选自外国比较新的书刊杂志，比如经济学人、等。对于大多数非

3、英语考生而言，在阅读外国严肃时，他们的理解程度仅限于读懂文章的大意，模糊了解所论述的话题，这也是英语的难度所在。三、 常见题型1.细节题 a）according 题型 b）because 题型2c）example 题型a）main idea 题型d）except 题型b）best title 题型b）指代题2. 主旨题3. 含义题4. 态度题a)词汇题5.推断题四、1. 阅读时长2. 词汇深度3. 长难句数量4. 命题方向阅读与大cet-4 cet-6 的不同五、 考生面前的三座大山123词句题解题思路&学习方法一、解题思路：，阅读原文，读一段解一题1.以自然段为2. 精确审题，标记出提干考查

4、范围，涉及对象3. 返回原文，再次精读，比对选项得出4.如果遇到生词或理解点，则通过连词，特殊标点，上下文之间的逻辑关系等躲开难5.实在无法确定选项时，可先不做任何选择，等通读文章后再做决定6.最后，利用正确的特征，错误的特征，及 A,B,C,D,X 原则拼人品例：2010Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorabl

5、e decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could befound in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most20thsignificant

6、 collections of criticism published in thecentury consistedin large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publicationin general-circulation dailies.3We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspap

7、er reviews published20thin England between the turn of thecentury and the eve of World War II,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far- off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of m

8、ajor papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a call

9、ing, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunatel

10、y, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critic

11、s, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criti

12、cism will enjoy a revival? Theprospect seems remote. Journalistites had changed long before his death,and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardianprose in which he specialized. Moreover,criticism has been in headlong retreat.the amateur tradition in music21. ABCDIt is

13、 indicated in Paragraphs 1 and arts criticism has disappeared fromEnglish-language newspapers used to2 that.big-city newspapers. carry more arts reviews.high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England

14、before World War II were characterized by .ABCDfree themes. casual style. elaborate layout.radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.4BCD 24. ABCD 25. ABCDIt is contemptible for writers to be journalis

15、ts. Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?His His HisHismusic criticism may not appeal toreaders today.reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. style ca

16、ters largely to modern specialists.writings failto follow the amateur tradition. best title for the text?Good Old DaysWhat would be theNewspapers of theThe Lost Horizon in NewspapersMournful Decline of Journalism Prominent Critics in Memory二、学习方法：时长用 18- 20，在不借助任何工具书的情况下完成阅读，找出自己失分的原因1. 按照标准2. 对比正确3

17、. 分析每道题的选项难点设置4. 摘抄原文中所有生词和短语5. 背诵原文中所有生词和短语（至少 3 句）6. 换位思考 基本做题思路2014(2)Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed houseaninFlorida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If

18、she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of

19、great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yetsatisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what wasonce exciting and newes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better tospend money on experiences, say MsDumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips,u

20、nique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases oftene morevaluable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feelingmore connected to others.5This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most happiness bang for your buck. I

21、t seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity

22、is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonalds restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.R

23、eaders of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and po

24、or people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believi

25、ng it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewardingpurchase?A A big houseC A stylish car The authors attitudeB A special tourD A rich mealtoward Americans watching TV is.22.A criticalB supportiveC sympatheticD ambiguousMacrib is mentioned in parag

26、raph 3 to show that.23.ABCDconsumers are sometimes irrational popularity usually comes after quality marketing tricks are after effectiverarity generally increases pleasure24.According tothe last paragraph,HappyMoney.left much room for readerscriticismABCDhas may hasmayprove to be a worthwhilepurcha

27、segap in the US of achievementpredicted a wideregive its readers a sense25.This text mainly discusses how to.A balance feeling good and spending money6BCDspend large sums of money won in lotteries obtain lasting satisfaction from money spente more reasonable in spending on luxuries长难句（1） But its int

28、eresting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress- free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arent in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a

29、little bit like Jennifer Aniston.（2） It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.（3） I wonder if, by way of similar extraordinary facts that I cannot predict,

30、 I may feel more at home in Europe than on my deeply loved stretches of land in the United States.（4） Just as attention to rules of written usage helps us to read intelligently, so an awareness of abuse of “you know” in public forums makes us better listeners.（5） “Now this ”is a phrase commonly used

31、 on television newscasts to indicate that what one has just heard or seen has no relevance to what one is about to hear or see or possibly to anything one is ever likely to hear or see.（6） The familiar and reassuring kinds of written documentation found in European societies of equivalent chronologi

32、cal periods do not exist, and the forms of tribal record preservation available -oral history, tales, mnemonic devices, and religious rituals-strike university-trained academics as inexact, unreliable, and suspect.（7） The belief that it is harmful to the Black community for authors to explore the hu

33、manity of our leaders can have troubling effects.（8） That nineteenth-century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in life was an irony duplicated in other matters.（9） For instance, the very women who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intui

34、tion of the female heart that he showed in his novels were appalled to discover how insensitive and awkward the real man could be.（10） Yet Van Meegeren was exposed not because he ceased to fool people, but because he was forced to prove himself a forger in order to clear himself ofthe more serious c

35、harge of having sold a national treasure illegally.72010 年(2010年Text 1)The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on adramatic note with a sale of 56Head Forever, at Sotheby s in pieces sold, fetching more thanworks by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My London on September 15th 200

36、8. All but two70m, a record for a sale by a singleartist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while afterrising bewilderingly si

37、nce 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, firmdoubles the figure five years earlier. Since then itdown to $ 50 billion. But the market generates interest farworth some $ 65 a researchmay have comebeyond its sizebecause it brings together great w

38、ealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirsts sale, spending of anysort became stayed away two-thirds,in the yeardeeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors from galleries and salerooms.

39、 Sales of contemporary art fell by and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90%to November 2008. Within weeks the world s two biggest auctionhouses, Sotheby s and Christie s, had to pay out nearly $ 200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current

40、downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christies chief executive, says: Im pretty confi

41、dent were at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds

42、death, debt and divorce- still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sellis keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.821In the first paragraph，Damien21. 在第一段中，Damien Hirst 作品的出售被923Which of the following statements is NOT true?23. 下列哪项陈述是不正确的?A. Sales of contempor

43、ary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008A. 在 2007 和 2008 年之间，当代艺术品的销售大幅度下降。B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.B. 艺术品市场在发展势头上超过了许多其他产业。C. The an market generally went downward in various ways.C. 总体上讲，艺术品市场在多个方面在走下坡路。D. Some art dealers were awaiting betterchances to come

44、.D. 有些艺术品商在等待好机会的到来。22. By saying“spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line1-2， Para.3)，the author suggests that22通过说“任何此类的投资都变得很不合时宜”(第三段的 12 行)，作者暗示.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsA. 收藏者不再积极参与艺术品市场拍卖B. people stopped every kind of spending and sta

45、yed away from galleriesB. 人们终止了所有投资，远离了画廊C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentC. 艺术品收藏作为时尚在很大程度上失去了吸引力D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buyingD 艺术品总体上讲已经过时，因此不值得Hirsts sale was referred to as“a last victory”because称之为“最后的胜利”，是因为。

46、A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesA. 艺术品市场了一系列的胜利B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsB. 拍卖人最终以最高出价得到了那两件作品C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesC. “在我心丽永恒”胜过了其他所有杰作D. it was successfully made just before the world financial cr

47、isisD. 它刚好是在世界金融爆发前成功完成(2010年Text 2)I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living rooma women s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him

48、 on the couch. Toward theend of the evening, I commented that women frequentlycomplain that their in agreement. Hein our family. Thehusbands dont gestured towardroom burst intotalk to them. This man quickly noddedhis wife and said, Shes the talkerlaughter; the man lookedpuzzled and hurt. Its true, h

49、e have nothing to say. If she didntthe whole evening in silence. explained. When I come home from work Ikeep the conversation going, wed spendThis episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this patte

50、rn is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewedbut only a few of the mengave lack of communication as the reason for t

51、heir divorces. Given thecurrent divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of casesin the UnitedIn my ownStates every yeara virtual epidemic of failed conversation. research, complaints from women about their husbands mostnot on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance

52、often for asharefocusedcareer topany a husband to his, or doing far more than theirof daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social1025. The most appropriate title for this text could be.25. 最适合本文的题目可能是。A. Fluctuation of Art PricesA. 艺术品的价格波动B. Up-to-date Art AuctionsB. 最新艺术品拍卖C. Art Mar

53、ket in DeclineC.中的艺术品市场D. Shifted Interest in ArtsD. 对艺术品的转移24The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are.24. 最后一段提到的 3 因素是。A. auction housesfavoritesA. 拍卖行的最爱B. contemporary trendsB. 当代潮流C. factors promoting artwork circulationC. 推动艺术品流通的因素D. styles representing ImpressionistsD. 体现印象派作品的风格arra

54、ngements. Instead, they focused on communication: He doesnt listen to me. He doesnt talk to me. I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short, the image

55、 that best represents the current crisis is thestereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with anewspaper held up infrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.1129. Which of the following can best29下列哪个选项能最佳地概括本文的大意?28. All of the following are true EXCEPT.2

56、8. 以下各项的表述都是正确的，除了.A. men tend to talk more in public than womenA. 男人往往在公共场合比女人健谈B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces arecaused by failed conversationB. 近来，将近 50的离婚是由交谈失败引起的C. women attach much importance to communication between couplesC. 女人很重视夫妻之间的D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouseD. 女人在家里往往比自己的配偶健谈27. Judging from the context, the