2021高考英语一轮统考复习高考重点语法突破专题一第2讲名词学案含解析

1、学必求其心得,业必贵于专精第2讲名词2022课标|如"2标I蓼1?思除1犯 1& m I找芍出内容号法说明域空dltxLX(cffwOILEaUtlUDlJ fli-rrarir)(d n y)l 的5般*m 的h段忠立的旬史2.另词所白擀短片 饵拘两法L号会把词的里毅山式的何应赛那么二号酉名诃口词让ffli口】九单15 f playersrhieki'ii-* chickenswurd-*wn rdsMiirn *«ir时引找词的班.即号2号 生融播上下文判断书词网 单效唐武旺是川叟数盘A考点透机*考点一名词的分类及功能1.名词的分类表示单个人或物的名词表

2、示一群人或一些事物总称的 名词表示无法分为个体的物质.材 料的名词表示性质、状态、行为,情感、心 理等抽象概念的名词个体名词 可数一二一 名词集体名词普通名词物质名词不可数 名词抽象名词专有表示洲、国、地、人名等名词 表示团体、机构、组织、报刊、朝代等的名称2.名词的功能(1)作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语 Mary is to meet you at the airport玛丽会到机场接你.2) The affair remained a completm ystery学必求其心得,业必贵于专精这事件仍然完全是个谜. We made himmonitor of our class我

3、们选他做我们的班长. He is considered a gooteache他被认为是个好老师.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用 来作定语修饰另一个名词.a.表示类别air pollution空气污染a coffee cup 咖啡杯body languag曲体语言road acciden咬通事故a book store 书店b.表示身份、时间、地点等Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li 李教授evening schoo 彼校学必求其心得,业必贵于专精winter slee冰眠Moscow Stadium莫斯科体育场c.表目的、用途、材料等

4、reception des啦待处,前台sports field 田径场stone tabled桌color TV 彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词. The war lastedjight years这场战争持续了八年.(4)作同位语 Tom, our monitor, left school last year.我们的班长汤姆去年退学了.即时练1写出以下句中画线名词所作的成分MrSmith was born in Canada3 The new government Johnson is readingnovel in his study.s first challen

5、gedsrtbm y.学必求其心得,业必贵于专精 Would you like to go to theflower show tomorrow? Everyone elected himmonitor.答案：主语 宾语表语定语宾语补足语考点二名词的数1 .名词的单、复数形式1不可数名词一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式, 一般也不能用a或an修饰.通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk, music, homework housework weather, news, butter information, bread, advice, progress orange

6、橙汁,equipment meat, fun, luggage, luck, work 工作,traffic, furniture, wealth, word ¥肖,息, room 空间,man 人类等.注意word意为“消息,room意为“空间,man意为“人 类"时,通常不带修饰词.Word comes that the meeting will be held on Friday.有消息称会议将于周五召开.2名词复数形式的变化规那么变化种类变化例词一般情况词尾加 sbook f books, pen f pens以 s, x, ch,sh结尾词尾加 esbus f b

7、uses , bench f benches box f boxes , dish f dishes , stomach例夕卜,其 后直接加 s以“辅音字母+y"结尾变y为i后加 esfamily f families city f cities以“兀音字母+y结尾词尾加 skey f keys , boy f boys以f或fe结尾 多数变f或fe为v后加 esleaf f leaves , wife f wives, knife f knives少数词尾加schief f chiefsroof roofs,学必求其心得,业必贵于专精?学必求其心得,业必贵于专精belief f b

8、eliefshero f heroes ,词尾加 espotatopotatotomato 以字母 o结尾词尾加 s以sis结尾的夕卜来词变sis为sesphoto f photos kilo - kilos , piano f pianos basis f bases, analysis f ana crisis f crisesyses,不规那么变化种类例词单复数同形deer, sheep Chinese, aircraftt means, series species, headquarters单数形式复数意义people, police, cattle复数形式单数意义new§

9、physicpolitics学必求其心得,业必贵于专精passer by f passers-bysonjn.law f sons in o law, lookers合成词变复数 on f lookers-on go.between f go-betweens ,grown-up f grownupsmanfmen, child -children ,词形变化tooth teethfoqt feet, mouse -> mice ,medium f media ,bacterium f bacteria2 .特殊情况下名词复数的用法1有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式,如：thanks,

10、authorities当局,possessions产,clothes, congratulations goods 商 晶,works 作品,著作 ,shoes, trousers, manners礼貌等.2有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations fo 两做准备take pains>R 力,亥U 苦make both ends mee使收支相抵take turns 轮流be in high spirits兴致勃勃;兴高采烈学必求其心得,业必贵于专精make repairS修理即时练2语法填空Two(month) ago, three(NegrO , who w

11、ere all(hero) caught four (thief) because they had stolen some (potato) and some bamboo from 2 (zoo), where 500 (sheep), 200 (deer),100(ox) and 1 000(goose) were raised.答案:months; Negroes; heroes; thieves; potatoes zoos; sheep; deer; oxen; geese考点三名词的格's所有格表示所有关系,修饰另一名词,作定语.它有三种形式 所有格、of所有格和双重所有

12、格.1 .' S所有格.s所有格的构成规那么：构成例子单数名词词尾通常加.'s;复数名词词尾没有.s时,the boy's schoolba那个男 孩的书包； the children学必求其心得,业必贵于专精也要加-'Stoys那些孩子的玩具以.s结尾的复数名词后直接加teachers 'office 教师们的办公室以.s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“或-均可my boss's/boss' pla破老板的 W戈 U;James'/Jameseyes詹姆斯的眼睛合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加.'Smy brother-

13、in-law' sbirthday我姐夫的生日表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助.S表示所有关系a week ' s holiday周的彳段；thirty minutes' ride 二十分钟的车程作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加.'san hour and a half's wa吵一个半小时的路程不定代词后接else时,.'s加在else之后somebody else's bagU 人的包1并列的名词变所有格,假设表示不同的所有关系那么分别在两个名词后加.'s;如果表示共有关系,那么只在后一个名词

14、学必求其心得,业必贵于专精后加-'s OKate and Mary s room凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kate ' s and Mary ' s rOOmS口玛丽各自的房间2以下情况下,可以将所有格后面的名词省略：名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过,往往可以省略,以免重复.This bike is not min® nor Tom ' s.这辆自行车不是我的,也不是汤姆的.表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格之后的shop, house,home等常省去.at the doctor o ffise 在 医生的 诊所里at the barber'

15、s shop 在理发店at Mr Green's house 在格林先生家2 . of所有格用法例子对于无生命的事物而言,通常用of所有格表示所属关系the window of the room 房间的窗户-10 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精表示主调关系用of所有格the arrival of the visitors#观者的到来表示同位关系用of所有格the city of Beijing 北京市表示局部与整体的关系用part of the problem 局部问题；the majority of peopleof所有格表示内容用of所有格the cost of living 生活本

16、钱;the news of succes捷报the housing problem of the当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“poor穷人的住房问题；the the +advice of the old man who形容词构成所有格时要had experienced a l懑位饱借助of经沧桑的老人的建议3.双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词+ of +名词.'s或“名词曲+名词性物主代词,主要用法如下:用法例子表本“其中之或“其another house of John'哟学必求其心得,业必贵于专精中,局部,可用a,anysome, a few, two 等修饰

17、of短语前面的名词,但不能用the翰的另一所房子被双重所有格修饰的名词前有 this, that, these, thos) 等指示代词修饰时,通常 带有一定的感情色彩,如 赞赏、不满、厌恶等eThat dog of Tom's is really clever汤姆的那只狗真聪 明.即时练3单句语法填空 The(girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into(Tom) car. Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at

18、 the(Turner). When I see thescene, it reminds me of a picture my (father).答案： girls ' ; ToiSsTurners' of; father's考点四 抽象名词具体化及名词构词法一、抽象名词具体化-12 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精1 .抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词,具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词.(1) difficulty 困难；a difficulty一件困难的事(2)experiencdi14an experienc1次经历

19、(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事(4)succes破功；a success位成功者；一件成功的事(5) surprise惊奇;a surprise件令人吃惊的事(6) honour荣誉;an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另夕卜常见的还有： pleasure shock, comfort, attraction, beauty dangerdelight, preference.2.有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料rain 雨a heavy rain一场

20、大雨coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper纸张a paper一张报纸； 一篇论文-13 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精tea茶two teas两杯茶wind 风a cold wind冷风:、名词构词法构成名词的后缀后缀例词o enceexist existence# 在-anceaccept acceptances 受,tionproduce production 生产o sionexpress- expression1o mentdevelop development 开展-nessblindblindness 失明o agemarry marriage始姻-thwarmwarmt

21、h 温暖o ureplease- pleasure 快乐depart departure 离开,domwisL wisdom 智慧详参第9讲“构词法即时练41单句语法填空-14 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精 The(express) in her eyes told me something was wrong. Due to the (apply) of this medical technology some diseases can be treated at an early stage Shewas unable to attend the meeting becauseof the

22、(pres§of work.(curious) is part of children' s nature. Tlon getting to the bottom of everything.-How can I take the medicine sir?-Just follow the (direct) on the bottle.答案： expression application pressure Curiosity directions2单句写作你想喝点咖啡吗？我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒.一Would you like some一 I would like and掌握

23、英语知识在国际贸易中是必备技能.of English is in international trad e-15 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精她因做错事而向母亲抱歉She to her mother for her wrong doings.读这样的一本小说简直就是浪费时间It is reading such a novel.答案： coffee a; coffee; two beers A knowledge a must m made an apology a waste of time误区一名词“数的误用【误】During the past few days, many visitor

24、just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.【正】During the past few days many visitors just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.分析visitor是可数名词,被many修饰,故用复数形式.(2)【误】The beauty of the village consists in its clean airs and peaceful environment【正】 The beaut

25、y of the village consists in its clean air and peaceful environment.分析air是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故 airs改为air.(3)【误】It is reported that womandoctors don' t like to be expose1-16 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精to the medias【正】It is reported that women doctors don't like to be exposed to the media分析 woman doctor在变成复数形式时,

26、两个词均要变成复 数形式,即women doctors； media本身即为复数形式,不可再加s.注意造成以上错误的原因在于不清楚可数名词与不可数名词以及名词的复数形式的变化规那么尤其是特殊名词 ；应增强对考点二的学习.误区二名词“格的误用【误】 A girl comes in. She ' s gobaosmaieather wallet in her hand. She thinks it's Peter.【正】A girl comes in. She's got a small brown, leather wallet in her hando She thin

27、ks it'sPeter ' s.分析it指代wallet,与Peter不能构成同一关系,根据句意可知,此处应是“彼得的钱包",故Peter应改为所有格形式Peter ' s.注意造成上面错误的原因在于对名词所有格不够熟悉,应加强对考点三的学习.误区三 物质、抽象名词“具体化的误用-17 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精【误】 She went into my room and got big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.【正】 She went into my room and got a

28、 big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor分析surprise本来是不可数名词,此句中为抽象名词具体化 的用法,意为“一件令人惊讶的事",故在big前加a.注意造成上面错误的原因在于对于“特殊词缺乏够重视,应增强对考点四的学习,并要注意平时积累.误区四名词功能或词性误用(1)【误】There is fierce competition among the three shoes shops in the street.【正】 There is fierce competition among the three sh

29、oe shops in the street.分析此处指商店的性质,用名词的单数形式作定语.(2)【误】It had a great affect on him.【正】It had a great effect on him分析affect为动词,而effect为名词,另外“ have an effect on."为固定短语,意为“对有影响-18 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精注意造成以上错误的原因在于不了解名词的功能或混淆了单词的词性.应增强对考点一的学习 ,另外平时要注意单词的词 性,将根底知识记牢.单句语法填空1. 2022 江苏高考Try to understandwhat&#

30、39;s actually happening instead of acting on theassume you've made.答案：assumption2. 2022 ,全国卷 n In 1863 the first underground passenger railw< in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowd on the roads above as they travelled t

31、o and from work答案:crowds3. 2022 浙江高考Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of smallcarrot and was about to throw them awa y答案：carrots4. 2022 ,全国卷 n This development was only possible with the introduce of electric powered engines and lifts-19 -学必求其心得,业必贵于专精答案:introduction5. 2022 浙江高考It is important to pay yourelectri.bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.答案:electricity单句改借1. 2022 ,全国卷田I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.答案： city f cities2. 2022 全国卷 n Since I was a kid, I've co