(高中英语2019版)阅读理解(自然与环境)(含解析)(含答案)

1、（自然与环境）李仕才女阅读导读：中国濒临灭绝的大熊猫如今因气候变化而陷入失去它们的主食的危险之中。赶快行动起来保护他们吧！Pandas face bamboo shortage threat Already threatened by a slow breeding rate and rapid habitat loss, China's endangered giant pandas now also risk losing their main food, bamboo, to climate change, claim scientists.A study in China

2、9;s northwestern Qinling Mountains, home to around 270 pandas about a fifth of the world's wild populationpredicts a big bamboo decline this centuryas the globe warms."The pandas may face a shortage of food unless they can find alternative food resources; the giant panda is a picky eater.&q

3、uot;Ninety-nine per cent of its diet consists of bamboobeing destroyed up to 38kilograms per day. Bamboo itself also has a slow reproductive rate, flowering only every 30 to 35 years, which means it would be slow to adapt to a change in local climate.Based on the data gathered for this study, resear

4、chers predict that three bamboo species which make up almost the entire diet of the Qinling pandas will all but disappear in a warmer climate."Results suggest that almost the entire panda habitat in the region may disappear because of climate change by the end of the 21st century," the stu

5、dy's authors write.Already, deforestation is threatening the survival of about half of all bamboo species worldwide.The researchers say bamboo distribution has historically changed in response to changes in the climate. In the modern era, though, even if other areas were to becomeclimatically mo

6、re suited for bamboo growth, these would be far away.The findings should be used for planning ahead to protect areas that have a betterclimatic chance of providing enough food sources or begin creating natural bridges to allow pandas an escape from bamboo famine .大熊猫面临着食物短缺的威胁科学家们声称，由于一直以来受到低繁殖率和栖息地

7、快速流失的威胁，中国濒临灭绝的大熊猫如今又因气候变化而陷入失去它们的主食一一竹子的危险之中。大约270只大熊猫栖息于中国西北部的秦岭山脉地区，这占世界野生大熊猫总数的五分之一。据这一地区的调查研究推测，随着全球变暖本世纪竹子的产量将平稳下滑。“除非大熊猫能够找到另外一种食物资源来代替竹子，否则它们将很可能面临食物短缺的困境。大熊猫可是个挑剔的食客。”大熊猫的食物中99%都是竹子，它们平均每天吃掉的竹子达到38千克。竹子本身再生率低，每30年至35年为一个生长周期，这也就意味着竹子适应当地气候变化的过程很慢。根据这个调查得出的数据，调查者预测随着气候越来越暖，三种竹子将濒临灭绝。而这三种竹 子正

8、是几乎秦岭地区的大熊猫的全部食物源。调查研究的发起者们写道：调查结果表明到 21世纪末秦岭地区基本上所有大熊猫的栖息地将 很可能消失。滥伐森林正在在并且已经威胁着世界上将近一半种类的竹子的生存。调查者说到自古以来竹子的分布状况都随着气候的变化而波动。不过在现代，即使其他地区从气候因素上来讲更适合竹子的生长，但是这些地区与目前大熊猫保护区相隔太远，没有重合区。这些调查结果应该用于主动保护计划中，保护那些有更好的气候条件提供充足的食物资源的地 区，或者为大熊猫搭建起快速摆脱饥荒的自然通道。重点单词：1. breeding 'bri ? d? ? n.繁殖，饲养2. picky 'p

9、 ? k? adj.挑剔的；吹毛求疵的3. deforestation ,di,f ? r? 'ste? ? n n.采伐森林；森林开伐4. famine 'f?m? n n.饥荒；饥饿，奇缺重点短语/亮点句式：1. Already threatened by a slow breeding rate and rapid habitat loss. China s endangered giant pandas no宏 aisO risk loimg their majn food： bambcar to climate change： cLaim sc: ent ms.科学家

10、们声称，由干一直以来受到低娶殖率和栖息地快速流失的威胁，中国凝临灭绝的大熊猫如今又因气 候变化而陷入失去它们的主食一一竹子的危险之中。threatened by a slow breeding rate and rapid habitat loss 为过去分词短语作原因状语。bamboo 作 their main food 的同位语。如：Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder.在他的话的鼓舞下，我们决心更加努力学习。Tom, my uncle, will come here tomorrow.我的叔叔一一汤姆明天来

11、这里。2. consists of 包含，包括。如：The course consists of ten core modules and five optional modules.这门课程包括十个必修单元和五个选修单元。3. up to多达；该由决定；胜任；直到。如：The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家旅馆可供500位旅客住宿。Her clothes are always right up to the minute.她的衣服总是式样最新的。It's up to you to decide whether to go or to

12、 stay.是去是留该由你决定。He is not up to this work.他不胜任这项工作。4. make up 弥补；和解；编造；整理；化妆；拼凑成。如：I tried to make up for my loss.我力图补偿我的损失。Let's make up.让我们言归于好吧。The boy made up a story, it is not true.这个故事不是真的，是那个男孩编造出来的。Leave this notice hanging on your door, asking the servant to make up your room.留张便条挂在你房门

13、上，请服务员把你的房间整理一下。I don't like to see women making up in public.我不喜欢看见女人在公开场合化妆打扮。Farm workers make up only a small section of the population.农民只占人口的一小部分。5. by the end of至U为止。如：All reports must be sent in by the end of this week.所有的报告必须在本星期以前交齐。6. in response to 回应。如：In response to their hospitali

14、ty, we wrote a thank-you note.为回报他们的热情，我们写了一封感谢信。7. far away 遥远。如：We can talk to those who live far away by telephone.我们可以用电话和住在远处的人说话。名句背诵：A man can fail many times, but he isn't a failure until he begins to blame somebodyelse. (J. Burroughs)一个人可以失败很多次，但是只要他没有开始责怪旁人，他还不是一个失败者。(巴勒斯)话版解液【话题解读】“自然

15、与环境”是高中新课程标准话题之一，亦是高考英语常考话题。本话题包括动植物 保护、生态保护、环境污染和保护等方面。这些话题与学生的生活息息相关，联系密切。通过对这些话题的学习以及高考英语对这些话题的考查，可以让学生多注意身边的人和事、关注社会环境、树立环保意识、学会与大自然和谐相处。是高考英语热点话题，通常以阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达的形式考查。【关键词汇、短语、句式】1. 全球的关注 global concern2. 越来越糟get worse and worse/ get from bad to worse/ get more and more serious3. 环境的破坏the des

16、truction of our environment4. 改善环境刻不容缓It s high time that we did sth to improve the environment5. 提高.的意识raise awareness that /of sth6. 承担保护环境的责任bear the responsibility to protect our environment7. 呼吁某人做某事call on / call for/ appeal to sb to do sth8. 时间不等人the clock is ticking9. 努力做某事make all efforts/

17、endeavor /make one s utmost effort / go allout/try all means to do sth10. 采取行动/措施去take action /take measures to do11. 改善目前的状况improve the present situation12. 关注 pay attention to doing/show concern for sth13. 伤害/ 损害. cause harm/damage to14. 不惜任何代价at all cost15. 只要 so/as long as16. 承担做某事的责任take the re

18、sponsibility of doing sth17. 以牺牲.作为代价at the cost/ expense of our environment18. 保护环境Protect the environment19. 环境污染Environmental pollution20. 释放有毒气体Give off/release poisonous gas21. 受到严重污染Be seriously polluted22. 对有害Do harm to / be harmful to23. (不 )注意环保Pay (no) attention to24. 灭绝die out25. 多植树Plant

19、 more trees26. 把垃圾分类Sort the rubbish27. 回收垃圾Recycle the rubbish28. 受益良多Benefit a lot29. 保持生态平衡Keep the balance of nature30. 防止人们污染河流Prevent people from polluting the rivers31. 为了提高生活质量，环境保护变得越来越重要In order to improve the quality of our life, it becomes more and more important to32. 随着科技的进步，环境污染越来越严重W

20、ith the development of science and technology, more and more pollution is produced33. 我们应该立刻采取措施与污染作斗争We should take immediate action / steps to fight against34. 唯有这种方式我们才能享受新鲜空气，活得健康Only in this way can we enjoy fresh air and live a healthy life.【写作必备句型】1 .To cherish the enviroment is to love ourse

21、lves.爱护环境就是爱护我们自己1.1 make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状3 .We are sure that we''ll win the battle.我们坚信我们能赢得战斗4 . Keep our mountains green,the wate clean,and the sky blue.使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝5 .Our earth's days are numbered without urgen

22、t help.没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了.6 .（ Sth.） are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，一定会有恶劣的后果7 .近来环保已经引起了全球的关注。Environmental protection has caused global concern recently.8 .我们应该马上采取措施来保护我们的环境免受污染。It's high time we took immediate measures to pro

23、tect our earth from being polluted.9 .每个人都应该提高保护地球的意识。Everybody should raise the awareness that it ' s our duty to protect our mother earth.10 .你不难发现每个人都在伤害地球，然而他们可能自己都没有意识到这一点。You cannot difficultly see that everybody actually is causing damage to the mother earth, which , however, they may not

24、 be realizing.孤游番可I .阅读理解阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。A （2018 北京）Plastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills（ 垃圾填埋场）,and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it

25、, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping

26、bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms ' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste（糊状物）and applied it to plastic films. 14hours later the films h

27、ad lost 13% of their mass apparently broken down by enzymes（酶）from the worms ' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break downtheir everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plas

28、tic. " Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, " she explains, " The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond."Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was notinvolved in t

29、he study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break downpolyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking downin this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of thebreakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by

30、its gut microbes（肠道微生物）？Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team ' s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply " millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic."1. Wha

31、t can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.2. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to.A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find ou

32、t the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might.A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future4. What is the main purpose

33、 of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.BTheir cheery song brightens many a winter ' s day. But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singin

34、g too much. Robins are singing all night as well asduring the day, British-based researchers say.David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds ' biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should be asl

35、eep.said lack of sleep could put the birdsDr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns,health at risk. His study shows that when robins areexposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some genes being active atthe wrongtime of day. And the more birds are e

36、xposed to light, the more active they are at night.He told people at a conference, "There have been a couple of studies suggestingthey are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing.Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their so

37、ng output, there might be some costs of energy."And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds andseagulls are also being more nocturnal. Dr Dominoni said, "In Glasgow where I live, gullsare a serious problem. I have people coming to mesaying 'You a

38、re the bird expert.Can you help us kill these gulls? ' . During the breeding （ 繁殖）season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very noisy and people can' t sleep."Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other research concluded that robins living in n

39、oisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.However, some birds thrive （兴旺）in noisy environments. A study from California Polytechnic State University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thought that they are capitalising on

40、their predators （天敌）fleeing to quieter areas.I.According to Dr Dominoni ' s study, what causes robins to sing so much?A. The breeding season.B. The light in modern life.C. The dangerous environment.D. The noise from heavy machinery.2 .What is the researchers ' concern over the increase of bi

41、rds ' song output?A. The environment might be polluted.B. The birds ' health might be damaged.C. The industry cost might be increased.D. The people ' s hearing might be affected.3 .What does the underlined word "nocturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Active at night.B. Inactive at n

42、ight.C. Active during the day.D. Inactive during the day.4 .Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?A. Because there are fewer dangers.B. Because there is more food to eat.C. Because there is less light pollution.D. Because there are more places to take shelter.CMore than one in 10 of the UK

43、s wildlife species is threatened with extinction （ 灭绝 ） and the number of the nation s most endangered creatures has fallen by two-thirds since 1970. The abundance of all wildlife has also fallen, with one in six animals, birds, fish and plants having been lost, a State of Nature report found.Togeth

44、er with historical deforestation （ 毁林 ） and industrialization, these trends have left the UK "among the most nature-exhausted countries in the world", with most of the country having gone past the stage at which "ecosystems may no longer reliably meet society s needs".The compreh

45、ensive scientific report, gathered by more than 50 conservation organizations, spells out the destructive impact of modern farming and climate changeon habitats from farmland and hills to rivers and the coast. "The fall in wildlife wasn t justall back in 70s and 80s, it s still happening now,&q

46、uot; said Mark Eaton, at RSPB and the leadauthor of the report. "We re getting more efficient in our farming. In a way it s somethingto be celebrated how good our farming science and technology is, but it doessqueeze nature out."Eaton said there were good examples of wildlife and habitat r

47、ecovery, but such projects were too few to turn the tide, with public funding for nature s diversity havingfallen by 32% from 2008 to 2015. "The ability to do it is within our grasp; it s just about resources and the willingness. The natural world is in serious trouble and it needs our help as

48、never before. We continue to lose the precious wildlife that enriches our lives and isessential to the health and well-being of those who live in the UK. But the State of Nature2016 report gives us cause for hope too. Landscapes are being restored, special placesdefended, struggling species being sa

49、ved and brought back. But we need to build significantly on this progress if we re to provide a bright future for nature and for people."Overall, the new report found that 56% of species declined between 1970 and 2013,and 53% between 2002 and 2013. While the rest of the species were increasing,

50、 we reseeing a lot of disorder, some species going up really fast and some going down equallyfast. It doesn t look like a healthy, natural situation. If that carries on, you end up with just50% left.1 .How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?A. By listing figures.B. By giving examples.C. By analyzing ca

51、uses.D. By making comparisons.2 .What does the underlined part mean?A. Modern farming must return to nature.B. Modern farming makes full use of nature.C. Modern farming can enrich nature s diversity.D. Modern farming may disturb nature s balance.3 .What does the last but one paragraph mainly suggest

52、?A. Endangered wildlife must be well protected.B. People should unite to fight for a bright future.C. The situation is still severe despite some progress.D. More money is needed for environmental protection.4 .What is the author s purpose in writing the passage?A. To tell the British how to save wil

53、dlife species.B. To explain why more wildlife species face extinction.C. To stress the importance of protecting wildlife species.D. To introduce the current situation of Britain s wildlife species.For centuries people have hunted animalsfor food and pleasure. The invention ofthe gun made it so easy

54、for humans to hunt that some animals were lolled by the thousands and even became extinct（ 绝种的）.This brings up some serious problems since breaks in the food chain upset the balance of nature.Large animals like tigers are being killed by the hundreds every year in India. The Royal Bengal tiger is th

55、e only type that exists in India and their number is greatly reduced every year because of poaching（偷猎）.The present number is about 2,000,all of which live in tiger reserves. Two hundred years ago the population was 23,000 or more.During the British rule of India, many of the so-called English gentl

56、emen killed tigers for pleasure and to show their bravery. This seems stupid because killing an innocent（无辜的）creature with a gun is not a brave deed.Today the tiger skin is very popular. Rich people and fashion designers have no idea what they are doing. Competition between the rich to show off make

57、s them blind to the serious effects. People persuade villagers to kill tigers to get money, and they do it because they are poor and need to feed their families. We must educate them, and the government should give them proper jobs to help solve this problem.The people to blame are those who buy ani

58、mal products like ivories, furs, tiger bones for medicine and handbags made of animal skins. They must be put behind bars to stop this kind of trade. The earth is home for everyone on it. The trees, animals, birds, and fish of all kinds belong here as much as we do. Only we have the power to change their fate.1 .What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A. The balance of nature has long been broken by human beings.B. It is a tradition for people to hunt animals for food and fun.C. The g