语言学-全部习题+答案

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上第三章Morphology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False：1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phon

2、ology， so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types： roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categor

3、ies such as number， tense， degree， and case.7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem， which can be a bound root，a free morpheme， or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word， not the meaning of it.9.There are rules

4、that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore， words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10.Phonetically， the stress of a compound always falls on the first element， while the second element receives secondary stress. II. Fill in

5、 each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given：11.M _ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12.The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g_ meaning.13.B_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes， either free or b

6、ound， to form a word.14.Affixes are of two types： inflectional affixes and d_ affixes.15.D_ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16.A s_ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17.C_ is the combination of two

7、or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m_ rules.19.In terms of morphemic analysis， d_ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20.A s_ can be a bound root， a

8、free morpheme， or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement：21The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a（n） _.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflection

9、al morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a fr

10、ee phraseD. None of the above 23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _ are those that cannot be used independently but ha

11、ve to be combined with other morphemes， either free or bound， to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words 25. _ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The

12、 meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that _.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. _ modify the

13、meaning of the stem， but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_.A. a der

14、ivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root IV. Define the following terms：31. morphology32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology34. morpheme35. free morpheme36. bound morpheme37. root38. affix39. prefix40. suffix41. derivation42. CompoundingV. Answer the following question

15、s：43.What are the main features of the English compounds？44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples. Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.T2.F3.T4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.T II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given

16、.11. Morpheme12. grammatical13. Bound14. derivative15. Derivative16. suffix17. Compounding18. morphological19. derivation20. stem III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.D22.D23.B24.B25.C26.C27.D28.A29.B30.C IV. Define the followi

17、ng terms.31.Morphology： Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32.Inflectional morphology： The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33.Derivational morphology： Derivational morphology is the study of word- for

18、mation.34.Morpheme： It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35.Free morpheme： Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth­er morphemes.36.Bound morpheme： Bound morphemes are the morphemes whic

19、h cannot be used indepen­dently but have to be combined with other morphemes， either free or bound， to form a word.37.Root： A root is often seen as part of a word； it can never stand by itself al­though it bears clear， definite meaning； it must be combined with another root or an affix to

20、form a word.38.Affix： Affixes are of two types： inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories， while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39.Prefix： Prefixes occur at the begin­ning of a word.

21、Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem， but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40.Suffix： Suffixes are added to the end of the stems； they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41.Derivation：Derivation is a process of wor

22、d formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42.Compounding： Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. V. Answer the following questions.43.What are the main features of the English compounds？Or

23、thographically a compound can be written as one word， two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically， the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically， the meaning of a compound is idiomatic， not calcu­lable from the meanings of all its com

24、ponents. Phonetically， the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes： They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves， for example， “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes： They

25、 are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes， either free or bound， to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word； it can never stand by itself although it has a clea

26、r and definite meaning， such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types： inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are a

27、dded to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”， while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the wor

28、d “friendless”.Unit I Some Preliminaries about LanguageI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.3. General linguistics is generall

29、y the study of language as a whole4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.6. Applied linguistics is the applica

30、tion of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the commu

31、nication way used by the deaf-mute is not language9 By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language10 language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.12. Pet dogs can speak human languages.13. All human inf

32、ants can speak some language.14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.15. With different cultures there will be different languages.16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which

33、begins with the letter given: 1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal users k_ of the rules of his language. 2. Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 3 The d

34、escription of a language as it change through time is a _study 4 .Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 5 .The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_. 6 Language ,broadly speaking, is a

35、means of _communication7 language has many functions. we can use language to talk about itself. This function is_8 Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the _theory 9 One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _over wr

36、iting10 D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best c

37、omplete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 2 .Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Mea

38、ningfulness 3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 4 The function of the sentence“water boil at 100 degrees centigrade”A interrogative B directive C informative D performative 5. A historical study of language is a _ study of language. A

39、. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 6 language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human _. A contact B communication C relation D community 7 languages is _A instinctive B non-instinctive C static D genetically transmitted 8 A linguist regards the change in language and

40、 language use as _A unnatural B something to be feared C natural D abnormal 9 which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA tree B crash C typewriter D bang 10. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writi

41、ng B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the aboveIV. Define the following terms: 1. Linguistics 2. Phonology 3. Syntax 4 Design features 5. Psycholing

42、uistics 6. Language 7. Phonetics 8. Morphology 9.parole V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail. 2. What a

43、re the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study? 4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? 5. What are the major distinctions betwe

44、en langue and parole?6. There is a well-known story in the Bible that reflects the importance of language in human society. According to the Old Testament, mankind spoke only one language until Nimrod began to build a tower that was to reach heaven. The Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and t

45、hey have all one language, and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand each others speech.”ASK:(1) What if there were no language?(2) What if there were only one language the world over?(3)

46、What can we learn from this Bible story?7. Not only are many languages dying today, many dialects are also disappearing from the planet. For example, according to a report once circulated on the Internet, many parents discourage their children from speaking their local dialect. They would rather the

47、ir children took hold of every chance to learn English, because the latter will give them an edge in future competition. ASK:(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages?(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday

48、no dialect will exist?8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?9. What role does body language play in language communication? Unit I Some Preliminaries about LanguageAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:l. T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6T 7 T 8F 9 T 10F 11. F 1

49、2.F 13.F 14. F 15. F 16. T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. Knowledge 2. Abstract 3. Diachronic linguistics 4. Arbitrary 5. Syntax 6 verbal 7 metalingual function 8 yo-he ho 9 speech 10 Duality III. There are four choices following each st

50、atement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. l. C 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D IV. Define the following terms: 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communicat

51、ion is called phonology. 3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4 Design features: it referred to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language that tell the difference between human language and

52、any system of animal communication. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguisti

53、c communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9. Parole: it referred to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illu

54、stration if necessary: 1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because Elements of language are com­ bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stan