M3 U2 Grammar

1、 疑问词引导的名词性从句疑问词引导的名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，在复合句中能担任能担任主语，表语，宾语，同位语，介词宾语主语，表语，宾语，同位语，介词宾语等，等，因此根据它在句中的句法功能，名词性从句又可因此根据它在句中的句法功能，名词性从句又可以分为以分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和和同位语同位语从句从句。 本单元主要介绍由疑问词引导的名词性从句。本单元主要介绍由疑问词引导的名词性从句。 疑问词有两类，疑问词有两类， 疑问代词疑

2、问代词(what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose) 疑问副词疑问副词(when, where, how, why)。 疑问代词通常在从句中作疑问代词通常在从句中作主语，表语主语，表语和和宾语宾语。 疑问副词则通常在从句中作疑问副词则通常在从句中作状语状语（时间状语，地时间状语，地点状语，方式状语或原因状语点状语，方式状语或原因状语）。）。请看如下例句，并试着分析作引导词的疑问词在请看如下例句，并试着分析作引导词的疑问词在从句中所担任的成分。从句中所担任的成分。 What he said at th

3、e meeting confused everyone present. (作引导词的疑问代词在作引导词的疑问代词在主语从句主语从句中作中作宾语宾语) The little boy ate whatever his mother gave him. (作引导词的疑问代词在作引导词的疑问代词在宾语从句宾语从句中作中作宾宾语语) Please give some suggestion which book I should choose among these. (作引导词的疑问代词在作引导词的疑问代词在同位语从句同位语从句中作中作定语定语) The problem is who/whom I s

4、hould turn to for help. (作引导词的疑问代词在作引导词的疑问代词在表语从句表语从句中作中作宾语宾语) Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (作引导词的疑问代词在作引导词的疑问代词在主语从句主语从句中作中作主语主语) When we will go skating is up to you to make a decision. (作引导词的疑问副词在作引导词的疑问副词在主语从句主语从句中作时间中作时间状语状语) I insisted upon an answer to my questio

5、n why he had done it. (作引导词的疑问副词在作引导词的疑问副词在同位语从句同位语从句中作中作原因状语原因状语) There is a doubt how they managed to travel to the moon. (作引导词的疑问副词在作引导词的疑问副词在同位语从句同位语从句中作中作方式状语方式状语) 运用名词性从句时的注意点：运用名词性从句时的注意点： 1) 关于关于that的省略的省略 一般情况下，宾语从句中的一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。是可以省略的。 但在下列几种情况下，但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略一般不可省略。 介词后面的

6、介词后面的that不能省不能省。 Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless. 彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。 并列连词并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，第二个连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，第二个及以后的宾语从句中的及以后的宾语从句中的that不省略。不省略。 My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年

7、了，下个月即将退休。我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年了，下个月即将退休。 主句谓语动词与主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。不可省略。 He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner. 他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。 宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省不能省略。略。 He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告

8、诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。 2) 名词性从句的词序名词性从句的词序 名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。 He asked me what was the matter with me. Whatever you say will interest us all. 3) whether和和if的用法的用法 whether和和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作在宾语从句中可以互换，但是作介词宾语介词宾语时连接词一般用时连接词一般用whether。 It all depends on whether they will c

9、ome back. 一切都取决于他们是否会来。一切都取决于他们是否会来。 后面直接跟后面直接跟or not 时用时用whether。 I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 我不知道他是否已经到达武汉了。我不知道他是否已经到达武汉了。 主语从句，表语从句主语从句，表语从句中只能用中只能用whether。 Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. 会议是否会被推迟还没有被决定。会议是否会被推迟还没有被决定。 The question is wheth

10、er they have so much money. 问题在于他们是否有很多钱。问题在于他们是否有很多钱。 whether可以引导可以引导同位语从句同位语从句，用以说明前面，用以说明前面的名词的内容，的名词的内容，if不能。不能。 We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not. 我们应当认真讨论是否能做此事这个问题。我们应当认真讨论是否能做此事这个问题。 whether常与常与or连用表示一种选择，连用表示一种选择，if不能这不能这样用样用 whether也可与也可与动词不定式动词不定式连用连用,

11、 if不能。不能。 The question of whether they are male or female is not important. 他们是男性还是女性不重要。他们是男性还是女性不重要。 I have not decided whether to go or not. 我我还没有决定是否要去。还没有决定是否要去。 4) 疑问代词疑问代词 + ever和和no matter + 疑问代词疑问代词的区的区别别 疑问代词疑问代词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在从句可引导名词性从句，在从句中要充当一定的部分。中要充当一定的部分。 Whoever breaks the rule mu

12、st be punished. (在主语从句中作主语在主语从句中作主语) 任何违反规定的人必须受罚。任何违反规定的人必须受罚。 You can choose whatever you like in the shop. (在宾语从句中作宾语在宾语从句中作宾语) 你可以在商店中选择你喜欢的任何东西。你可以在商店中选择你喜欢的任何东西。 疑问词疑问词 + ever还可引导还可引导让步状语从句让步状语从句= no matter +疑问词疑问词。 Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。无论谁

13、违反规定，都必须受罚。 Whatever/ No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。 no matter + 疑问词疑问词只能引导只能引导让步状语从句让步状语从句。 No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。 No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。 5) 名词性从

14、句中主句和从句的时态一致名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致 宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句中表示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时果从句中表示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。如：态，从句仍用一般现在时。如： I didnt know you were in London. The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed. 主语从句作主语主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用词用单数单数 如果如果由由and 连

15、接两个或两个以上的主语从句连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用谓语动词用复数复数 由由两个或多个连接词两个或多个连接词引导引导一个主语从句一个主语从句，谓语动词用单，谓语动词用单数。数。 When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet. 会议何时开始还没有决定。会议何时开始还没有决定。 When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet. 他们何时出发以及去何处还没有决定。他们何时出发以及去何处还没有决定。 When and where

16、the meeting will begin has not been decided. 会议何时何地开始还没有决定。会议何时何地开始还没有决定。 6)含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句 反意疑问句一般与主句一致。反意疑问句一般与主句一致。 He said they were going to help me, didnt he？ 他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？ She told you that the mat was her own work, didnt she? 她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？

17、 当主句的主语为当主句的主语为第一人称第一人称，谓语动词是，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，等词时，反意疑问句反意疑问句应与应与宾语从句宾语从句保持一致。保持一致。 这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。 I suppose youre serious, arent you? 我想你是当真的，不是吗？我想你是当真的，不是吗？(不可用不可用dont I) I dont suppose hes serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的，是吗？我想他不是当真的，是吗？ (不可用不可用do

18、 I) 提示：提示： 如果主语是如果主语是第二、第三人称第二、第三人称，则，则疑问句部分疑问句部分与与主句主句一致，一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。且不存在否定转移的问题。 You dont think we can speak English, do you? He thinks hes got the right answer, doesnt he? 7) because, why引导的表语从句引导的表语从句 Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（那是因为他没有理解我。（Thats because 强调原强调原因）因） Thats

19、 why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（那正是他对我生气的原因。（Thats why 强调结强调结果）果） 注意注意: what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，一般不宜用引导，一般不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。我难过的原因是他没有理解我。 What cost him his life was t

20、hat he was too careless. 使他丧命的原因是他太粗心了。使他丧命的原因是他太粗心了。 2. 形式主语形式主语it 1) 代主语从句代主语从句。 Isnt it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？ 注意：注意： if引导主语从句时，只能用引导主语从句时，只能用it作形式主语，放在句首，作形式主语，放在句首，而将而将if引导的引导的主语从句主语从句放到句末。如：放到句末。如： It is uncertain if he will leave for Be

21、ijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。 2) 代不定式短语作主语代不定式短语作主语。 It is impossible to finish the work on time. 准时完成准时完成工作是不可能的。工作是不可能的。 3) 代动名词代动名词。 Its no good sitting up too late. 熬夜没有熬夜没有好处。好处。 It is useless crying over the spilt milk. 覆水难收。覆水难收。 it代替动名词短语代替动名词短语 动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那动名词作主语用后置形

22、式的情况远不及不定式那么普通，常限于么普通，常限于no good, no use, useless, waste 等词的后面。等词的后面。 It is no good/ use having a car if you cant drive. it代替不定式短语的特殊句型代替不定式短语的特殊句型 It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某某人做某事事 It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。他很难下定决心。 It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样

23、的话，真是太蠢了。她说那样的话，真是太蠢了。 【说明【说明】介词介词 of 与与 for 的区别是的区别是： of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等，用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等， 介词介词for表示对象，意为表示对象，意为“对对来说来说” It takes sb + 时间段时间段 + to do sth. 某人做某某人做某事花了事花了时间时间 It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。 【说明【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体：此句型可以有以下多变种变体： It took me a

24、n hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. It is up to sb. to do sth. 该由某人做某事该由某人做某事 Its up to you to to make the choice. 得由你得由你来作选择。来作选择。 it代替主语从句代替主语从句 这个主语从句可以用连词这个主语从句可以用连词that引导，也可以用连引导，也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导接代词或连接副词引导 It is doubtful whethe

25、r she will be able to come. It was clear what she meant. 注意特别句型：注意特别句型： it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that as if 似乎似乎 It seemed as if he didnt recognize me. 他似他似乎没认出我来。乎没认出我来。 It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。他打电话时我碰巧不在家。 It + be + 过去分词过去分词 + that . 该句型常见动词有：该句型常见动词有：sa

26、y, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc. It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. 据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。 若句子是疑问形式，就只能用若句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。作形式主语。 Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很重要吗？他们明天不来很重要吗？ Is it true that he will go ab

27、road next week? 他下周出国是真的吗？他下周出国是真的吗？ It is suggested/ required/ ordered- that-的的主语从句中用虚拟语气：主语从句中用虚拟语气：should +do It is suggested that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. It doesnt matter +连接代词或副词连接代词或副词- It doesnt make too much difference + 连接连接代词或副词代词或副词- It doesnt matter whether he comes

28、or not. It wont make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. it作形式宾语作形式宾语 it作形式宾语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、作形式宾语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词、宾语从句动名词、宾语从句 it作形式宾语时，需要具备两个条件：作形式宾语时，需要具备两个条件： 真正的宾语是不定式、动名词或从句真正的宾语是不定式、动名词或从句 有宾语补足语有宾语补足语 it代替不定式短语代替不定式短语 think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard- +it +形容词形容词/名词名词

29、 + 不定式不定式 She thinks it her duty to help us. it 代替动名词短语代替动名词短语 （这只限用于少数句型，在（这只限用于少数句型，在多数情况下用不定式多一些）多数情况下用不定式多一些） I consider it no use reading without understanding. it 代替宾语从句代替宾语从句 We all thought it a pity that the meeting should have been cancelled.含含it的常用句型的常用句型 If it were not for / If it hadnt b

30、een for 若若不是因为不是因为 If it were not for their help, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助，这些困难我们不克服不了的。要不是他们帮助，这些困难我们不克服不了的。 It be+被强调部分被强调部分+that/ who+ 其他成分其他成分 It was Peter whom/ that I met in Japan last year. not- until 也可用于强调句型也可用于强调句型 It was not until 11 oclock that Mr. Smith came ba

31、ck. 注意区别：注意区别： There is no doubt that -对对-毫不怀疑毫不怀疑 There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.没必要没必要- There is no/ a possibility that- 没有没有/有可能有可能- = It is impossible/ possible that- There be difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth.做做-有困难有困难Individual activity1. Could you do me a favor? It depends on _ it is.

32、A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever2. I think its going to be a big problem. Yes, it could be. I wonder _ we can do about it. A. if B. how C. what D. thatQuiz I: Multiple choice 3. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what4. _ is a fact

33、that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It5. Choosing the right dictionary depends on _ you want to use it for. (2007江苏江苏) A. what B. why C. how D. whether6. Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山东山东) A. anyone B. someo

34、ne C. whoever D. no matter who 7. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007全国全国II) A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which 8. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007 上海上海) A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where9. You can only be sure of _ you have at present

35、; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that10. _ parents say and do has a life- long effect on their children. (2007 陕西陕西) A. That B. Which C. What D. As11. It is none of your business _ other people think about you.

36、Believe yourself. (2007福建福建) A. how B. what C. which D. when12. By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of _ you read. (2007上海春上海春) A. that B. what C. which D. whether13. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are. (2007浙江浙江) A. where B. what C. when

37、D. why 14. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _ it is. (2007天津天津) A. what B. which C. how D. where15. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about _ he will do or think. (2008上海上海) A. what B. which C. whom D. that16. It has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses