文体学正文分析

1、哈尔滨商业大学学期论文摘要文体分析是建立在语言描写基础之上的。语言描写在特定社会情境中所产生的表达效果和交际功能是通过特定的语音、词汇、句法特征和语义结构予以体现的。演讲作为公众场合的一种活动，其语言的应用决定了一场演讲的成败。演讲的语言风格较为正式，但是为了能使一场演讲成功，其语言风格不能太僵硬也不能太亲密。本文语音、词汇、句法这个方面来分析美国总统尼克松在一场宴会的演讲。旨在通过研究这次演讲的内容总结出演讲的语言特征，从而为各界人士在准备演讲时提供参考。TContents1 Introduction32 TheoreticalFoundation42.1 Thedefinationofst

2、ylistics42.2 Thelinguisticfeaturesofstylistic63 IntroductiontoPublicspeaking83.1 IntroductiontoPublishspeaking83.2 .Thefeatureofpublicspeaking84 StylisticAnalysisofpublicspeaking94.1 AnalysisofpublicspeakingattheSyntacticLevel94.2 AnalysisofpublicspeakingattheLexicalLevel114.3 Analysisofthepoematthe

3、phonologicalLevel13Conclusion16哈尔滨商业大学学期论文1 IntroductionPublicspeakingutilizesavarietyoflanguagewhichisdirectedtowardsaspecificeventortopic.Initsbroadsense,publicspeakingincludesmanytypessuchasreli-gioussermons,lecturesatuniversities,politicalspeechesdeliveredatpublicmeetings,radioandTVtalksetc.Init

4、snarrowsense,publicspeakingonlyreferstothespeechmadeatpublicmeetings.Hereafter,inthisessay,publicspeakingisaccordinglydiscussedinitsnarrowsense.Forthesakeofconvenience,publicspeakingandpublicspeechareroughlyusedinterchangeably.Asanexample,Iwilltake“TheSpeech-dbynPNixonoftheUnitedStatesattheWelcoming

5、Ban-quet”(deliveredonFe.21,1972onhisfirstvisittoChina)tostudyitssyntax,vocabulary,phonologyandtherhetoricaldevice。2 TheoreticalFoundation2.1 ThedefinationofstylisticsStylisticisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesstyleinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningmanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietieso

6、flanguageatdifferentlevels.2哈尔滨商业大学学期论文2.2 Thelinguisticfeaturesofstylistic2.2.1 ThePhonologicalfeaturePhonologyisusedinthisbooktorefertothesystemofspeechsoundsinlanguage,whichincludesthefollowingaspects:elision,theomissionofasoundorsoundsinspeech;soundsymbolism,thesymbolicmeaningofsounds;soundpatte

7、rning,thematchingofidenticalorsimilarsoundsbetweentwoormorewords;rhyme,therepetitionofidenticalendsounds;rhythm,theflowofsoundsandtheirriseandfall,andtheiraccentsandpauses;pause,briefinterruptionofthearticulatoryprocesswhichincludessilentpause-silentbreaksbetweenwords,andfilledpausegaps,whicharefill

8、edbysuchexpressionsasum,er,ah;stress:thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables;tempo,thespeedofspeaking;intonationpatterns,patternsofutteranceusuallyexpressedbyvariationsinpitch,loudness,syllablelength,andspeechrhythm;alliteration,therepetitionofaninitialsoundi

9、ntwoormorewordsthatoccurclosetogether;assonance,therepetitionofinternalvowelsoundsinsuccessivewords;consonance,partialortotalidentityofconsonantsinsuccessivewordsorsyllableswhosemanvowelsdiffer;onomatopoeia,wordscontainingsoundssimilartothenoisestheydescribe;pitch,therelativeheightofspeechsoundsaspe

10、rceivedbyalistener.2.2.2 TheGraphologicalfeatureGraphologyisusedinthisbooktorefertothewritingforms,andthesignsusedinatext,whichincludesthefollowingaspects:punctuation,theuseofpunctuationmarks;capitalization,theuseofcapitalletters;paragraphing,thewayinwhichatextisdividedintoparagraphs;italics,wordsle

11、aningtotheright;formatofprinting,thegeneralarrangementoftheprintingforms;graphicsigns,sizeorshapeofletters,tables,pictures,diagrams,drawings,typestyle,etc;spelling:normalordeliberatemisspelling.2.2.3 TheLexicalfeature哈尔滨商业大学学期论文Lexisisusedinthisbooktorefertothechoiceofwords,whichincludesthefollowing

12、aspects:generalorspecific(superordinateorsubordinate;Anglo-SaxonorLatinate;conceptualorassociative(denotativeorconnotative);monosyllabicorpolysyllabic;descriptiveorevaluative;formalorinformal;standardornon-standard;dynamicorstatic;vulgaroreuphemistic;favorableorunfavorable;Archaicorneologism;commono

13、rrare;abstractorconcrete.2.2.4 TheSyntacticfeatureSyntaxisusedinthisbooktorefertorulesfororderingandconnectingwordsintosentences.Thesyntacticcategoriesincludethefollowingaspects:sentencetypesimpleormultiple,majororminor,periodicorloose,etc;sentencelength,innumberofwords;sentencecomplexity;coordinati

14、on/subordination/parataxis;nounphrases;clausetypes,SV,SVA,SVO,SVOA,SVC,SVOO,SVOC,finite/nonfinite,verbless,independent/dependent;phrasetypes,NP,VP,AdjP,AdvP,PrepP;grammaticalconstructions,comparativeorsuperlative,coordinativeorcataloguing,parenthetical,etc;wordorder,normalorinverted,etc;tenses,thepr

15、evailingtense,simpleorcomplicate,etc;voices,activeorpassive;grammaticality,grammaticalornongrammatical.2.2.5 SemanticfeatureSemanticsisusedinthisbooktorefertothemeaningofwords,expressions,etc,andbywhatmeansthemeaningisconveyedfromtheaddressertotheaddressee.Here,ourconcernismainlytherhetoricaldevices

16、,especiallyfiguresofspeech,whichcanberoughlydividedintoeighttypes:figuresofcomparison,figuresofreplacement,figuresofrepetition,figuresofcontrast/juxtaposition,figuresofdoublemeaning,figuresofreversemeaning,figuresofresemblance,figuresofomission.3.1 ntroductiontoPublicspeaking3.1 IntroductiontoPublic

17、speaking哈尔滨商业大学学期论文Publicspeakingutilizesavarietyoflanguagewhichisdirectedtowardsaspecificeventortopic.Initsbroadsense,publicspeakingincludesmanytypessuchasreli-gioussermons,lecturesatuniversities,politicalspeechesdeliveredatpublicmeetings,radioandTVtalksetc3.2 ThefeatureofpublicspeakingPubicspeakin

18、ghassyntactic,lexical,phonologicalandrhetoricalfeatures.Thestylisticfeaturesofpublicspeakingcanbesummarizedasfollows:Thelanguageusedinpublicspeakingisformal.Publicspeakingrequiresthatthelanguageandstylebestan-dardandneithertoofrozennortoointimate.Theuseofrhetoricdevicesmakesaspeecheffectiveandconvin

19、cing.4.StylisticAnalysisofpublicspeakig4.1AnalysisofpublicspeakigattheSyntacticLevelComparedwithothervarietiesofEnglish,thelan-guageofpublicspeakingismoreformal.Theseriousnessofthespeaker'sattitudeisrevealedinthisformality.Ontheotherhand,thelanguageusedinpublicspeakingislessformalthanthatoflegal

20、documentsandscientificEnglish.Publicspeakingisavarietythatisbetweenspo-kenlanguageandwrittenlanguage.Aspeechisusuallywrittenbeforehandandthespeakerjustrecitesitfrommemoryoralternativelyreadsthewrittenspeech.Herewecanassumethatthesyntaxofpublicspeakingismorecomplicatedthanthatofconversationandscienti

21、ficEng-lish.Nixon'sspeechconsistsof11paragraphs,32sen-tences,607words.Theaveragenumberofwordsineachparagraphis55.18.Additionally,onaverage,thereare18.97wordsineachsentence.Thelongestsentenceinthisspeechcontains69wordswhiletheshortestcontainsonlythree.Accordingtolinguisticstatistics,theaveragenum

22、berofwordsineachwrittenEnglishsentenceis17.6(WangZuoliang1987:230).Fromthiswecandeducethatinpublicspeeches,thesentencesaresomewhatlongerthantheaverage哈尔滨商业大学学期论文standard.Inconversation,theav-eragenumberofwordsineachsentenceisbelow10.Table1showsthelengthofsentencesinNixon'sspeech:WordsineachNumbe

23、rofSentenceSentencePercentageLessthan10928.125%10-15825%16-2039.375%21-30721.875%31-4039.375%Morethan4026.25%Total32100%Table1SentencestructureinpublicspeakingisgenerallymorecomplexthanthatinothervarietiesofEnglish.In-completesentencesareverycommoninconversation.Butinpublicspeechessentencesarequitec

24、ompleteandgrammatical.Amongthe32sentencesinNixon'sspeech,17ofthemarecomplexsentenceswhichmakeup53.125%,whilecompoundandcomplex-compoundsen-tencesmakeup15.625%.Simplesentencesmakeup31.125%.Table2showsthesentencestructureinNixon'sspeech.SentenceTypeNumberPercentageSimpleSentence1031.25%Complex

25、Sentence1753.125%Complex-CompoundSentence39.375%Compound26.25%Total32100%Table2Varioustensesareusedinpublicspeaking.Gener-ally,thepresenttenseisthemostcommonform.Theuseofothertensesdependsonwhatthespeakeristalkingabout.Thatistosay,whetherhespeaksaboutthepast,presentorfuture.InNixon'sspeech,there

26、are68verbforms(excludinginfinitives),ofwhich53areinsimplepresenttense.Othertensesareusedlessoftenthanthesimplepresenttense.Table3showsthetensesusedinNixon'sspeech.哈尔滨商业大学学期论文TensesNumberPercentageSimplePresentTenseSimplePastTensePresentPerfect53477.94%5.88%Tense57.35%PresentContinuousTense11.47%

27、FutureTense57.35%Total68100%Table3Inpublicspeaking,theuseofnominalgroupsisverycomplicated.Thedeterminersareputbothbeforeandaftertheheadwords.Butinthemajorityofcasesthedeterminersareputaftertheheadwords.Thisincreasesthecomplexityofnominalgroups.Forexample,13at-tributiveclausesareusedinNixon'sspee

28、ch.Inpublicspeaking,declarativesentencesareoftenemployed.Thisisbecausethespeakeraimsatimpressingtheaudienceandpersuadingthemtodowhatheadvo-cates.Declarativesentencesarequiteeffectiveforthispurpose.Ofcourse,othersentencetypesarealsoused,suchasimperativesentences,interrogativesentencesandinvertedsente

29、ncesetc.TakeNixon'sspeechasanexam-ple,heusedseveralimperativesentences.Suchas“So,letus,inthesenextfivedays,startalongmarchtogeth-er,notinlockstep,butondifferentroadsleadingtothesamegoal.”InterrogativesentencesarealsousedinNixon'sspeech.Forexample,“Whati;world?”“Whega-cyshallweleaveforourchil

30、dren?”Inversionisalsousedinthisspeech.Forexample,“NeverhaveIheardAmerimusicplayedbetterinaforeignland.”4.2 AnalysisofpublicspeakigattheLexicalLevelVocabularyusedinpublicspeakingisquiteformal.Thelengthofwordsalsoincreases.Consequently,inpublicspeaking,“bigwords"areusedextensively.Forexample,inNi

31、xon'sspeechthereare147wordsthatcon-tainmorethansixletters.Thisconstitutes24.21%ofthetotalnumberofwords.Thereare91wordsthatcontainmorethansevenletters.Thismakesup14.99%ofthetotal.Inconversation,commentaryand哈尔滨商业大学学期论文advertisement,wordsofmorethan6lettersonlymakeuplessthan20%ofthetotal.(WangZuoli

32、ang1987:235)Obviouslytheratiooflongwordsinpublicspeakingishigherthanthatofothervarietiesmentionedpreviously.Thelongestwordinthisspeechcontains18letters.Anumberofveryfor-malwordsthatseldomappearindailyconversationareemployedinpublicspecking.Justciteafewasanexam-ple,Nixonusedthefollowingwordsinhisspee

33、ch"distinguished,incomparable,hospitality,legacy,magnificent,immeasurably,transcend,compromise,lockstep,plagueetc.”Thuseofthesewordscontributessignificantlytotheformalityofthestyle.Itgivestheaudienceanimpres-sionthatthespeakerisseriousaboutthetopic.Theuseofformalwordsalsomakesthespeakersoundmor

34、econ-vincing.Anothertendencyinthedictionofpublicspeakingisthereplacementofverbswithnounsandthesubstitutionofadjectivesfornouns.Forinstance,thesentence"Atthisverymomentthroughthewonderoftelecommunica-tions”,Thenounphrase“thewonderoftelecommunica-tions,isareplacementoftheadjectivalphrase“wonderfu

35、ltelecommunications”ItisobviousthatabstractwordsarefrequentlyusedinNixon'sspeech.Forexample,“hospitality,frank-ness,difference,greatness”,etc.Theuseofabstractwordsisduetothefactthatthespeakeroftentalksaboutsomeabstractdoctrinesorideals.Theuseofabstractwordsincreasestheformalityofthespeechandmake

36、sthespeechsoundloftyandconvincing.Anotherfeatureofpublicspeakingisthefrequentuseofpersonalpronouns.Thefirstperson,bothsingularformandpluralform,isextensivelyused.Thesecondpersonisalsoveryoftenused.Butthethirdpersonsel-domappearsinpublicspeaking.Duringthecourseofthespeech,thespeakerhastomentionhimsel

37、ffromtimetotime.Itisonlynaturalforhimtouse"I”and"me'."Weor"usareveryhelpfulwordsinpublicinthesarhebstatners,.Toithetspeaking.As“we”includesboththespeakerandthelistenersandtheuseofmoreexact,theuseof“us”indicatesthatthespeakerputshimself“we”and“us”showsclearlythatthespeakerison

38、thesideofhis哈尔滨商业大学学期论文audience.Thisshortensthedistancebetweenthespeakerandtheaudiencesothatitarousestheaudience'saffirmativefeelingsandsympathet-icresponses.Furthermore,“we”isamildwayofrequestingandcommanding.Thespeakercallsuponhislis-tenersbyusing“we”.InNixon'sspeech,40personalpronounsareu

39、sed."I(me)”,areused34times.Theuseof“we”and“u60%mafkteuptal.4.3 AnalysisofpublicspeakigatthePhonologicalLevelManyphonologicaldevicessuchasprosody,intona-tion,rhyming,assonance,alliterationetc.areemployedinpublicspeakingtointensifytheeffect.Thoughaspeechisdeliveredorally,itdiffersgreatlyfromconve

40、rsa-tion.Allthewordsarespeltandsaidintheircompleteforms.Abbreviationsofwordsandelisionsofsoundsrarelyappearinpublicspeaking.TakeNixon'sspeechasanexample,suchwordsas“wehave,wewill,cannot,letus,thereis"arenotspeltandsaidas"we've,we'lllet's,there's”.Theabsenceofabbreviatio

41、nsandelisionsmaintainstheformalityofstyle.AlliterationisemployedinNixon'sspeechtoachievethebeautyofsound.Forinstance,"Mr.PrimeMinister,Iwishtothankyouforyourverygraciousandeloquentremarks.Atthisverymomentthroughthewon-deroftelecommunications,morepeopleareseeingandhearingwhatwesaythanonanyot

42、hersuchoccasioninthewholehistoryoftheworld.Yet,whatwesayherewillnotbelongremembered.Whatwedoherecanchangetheworld."Inthisshortparagraph,thesound/w/isereieattimes.Whenreadingthespeechwefindthatitisveryrhythmical.Rhythmicspeechiseasytoreadandpleasingtotheears.ThiscanbeeasilyrecognizedinNixon'

43、sspeech.Takethethirdparagraphasanexample,“Asyousaidinyourtoast,theChinesepeopleareagreatpeople,theAmericanpeopleareagreatpeople.Ifourtwopeo-plesareenemiesthefutureofthisworldwesharetogetherisdarkindeed.Butifwecanfindcommon哈尔滨商业大学学期论文groundtoworktogether,thechanceforworldpeaceisimmeasur-ablyincreased."Thereapleasantrhythminit.Theau-thorofthespeechhasarrangedstressedsyl