Digestive System

1、Digestive SystemIn this lessonUpper gastrointestinal organs Lower gastrointestinal organs The four layers of the gastrointestinal tractAccessory organs of digestionDigestive disorders and treatment(case study)The gastrointestinal tract is also called The alimentary canalAlimentary comes from the Lat

2、in word alimentum, which means nutrient.Upper Gastrointestinal TractUpper Gastrointestinal TractUpper Gastrointestinal TractMouth, oral cavity: or/o, stomat/oPharynx: pharyng/oEsophagus: esophag/oStomach: gastr/oDuodenum: duoden/oUpper Gastrointestinal TractMouthPalate: palat/oUvula: uvul/oTongue: g

3、loss/o, lingu/oTeeth: dent/o, odont/oStomachCardia area where the esophagus connects to the stomach 贲门Fundussuperior domed portion of the stomach底Bodylarge part of the stomach 胃体Upper Gastrointestinal TractstomachPylorus lower part o the stomach that connects to the small intestine 幽门Antrum 胃窦Rugaef

4、olds in the stomach lining that increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients 皱褶Upper Gastrointestinal TractLower Gastrointestinal TractLower Gastrointestinal TractJejunum：jejun/oIleum: ile/oCecum: cec/o, cecal/oAppendix: append/o, appendic/oColon: col/o, colon/oSigmoid colon: sigmoid/oRect

5、um: rect/o, proct/oAnus: an/o, proct/oLayers of the Gastrointestinal TractMucosaEpitheliumLamina propriaMuscularis mucosaeSubmocosaMuscularis externaAdventitia and SerosaAccessory Digestive OrgansLiver: hepat/oBile: bil/o, chol/ePancreas: pancreat/oGallbladder: cholecyst/oSalivary glands: sial/o141.

6、 middle section of the small intestine2. fingerlike projection located on the large intestine3. site where food enters the body4. the roof of the mouth5. medical term for throat6. superior portion of stomach7. organ that secretes bile8. portion of small intestine that connects with large intestine9.

7、 structure through which solid wastes pass to exterior of body10. structures that secrete saliva jejunum appendix3. mouth, oral cavity4. palate5. pharynx6. fundus7. liver8. ileum9. anus10. salivary glandWrite down the correct anatomic structure for the meaning given below.151. first section of the s

8、mall intestine2. organ than secretes juices that aid in digestion3. muscular tube that moves food to the stomach4. portion of colon between the rectum and the descending colon5. section of stomach that connects to the small intestine6. area where solid waste is temporarily stored7. first section of

9、the large intestine8. portion of the colon following the transverse colon9. structure that hangs in the oral cavity10. folds in the stomach lining duodenum pancreas esophagus sigmoid colon pylorus rectum cecum descending colon uvula rugaeWrite down the correct medical term for the meaning given belo

10、w.16Combining formsaliment/onutrition alimentaryan/oanus analappendic/oappendix appendical, appendicealbil/obile biliary, biliousbucc/ocheek buccalcec/ocecum cecalchol/egall, bile cholecyst/ogallbladder cholecysticRoot MeaningAdjective2022-5-217Combining formscol/o, colon/ocoloncolic, colonicduoden/

11、o duodenumduodenal enter/osmall intestineentericesophag/oesophagusesophagealdiverticul/odiverticulum 憩室diverticularherni/oherniahernialRoot Meaning Adjective2022-5-218Combining formsgastr/ostomachgastrichepat/oliverhepaticile/o ileumilealjejun/ojejunumjejunallabi/oliplabialcheil/oliplabialRoot Meani

12、ngAdjective19Combining formslapar/oabdomenabdominalabdomin/o abdomenabdominallingu/otonguelingualgloss/olip- -lith/ostone, calculuslithicodont/otooth- -dent/otoothdentalRoot Meaning Adjective2022-5-220Combining formsor/omouthoralstomat/omouthstomaticpalat/opalatepalatalpancreat/opancreaspancreaticpe

13、ps/odigestionpepticphag/oeat, swallowesophagealRoot Meaning Adjectivepharyng/opharynxpharyngealpolyp/opolypproct/o rectum and anus rect/orectum and anusrectalpylor/opyloruspyloricsial/osalivasalivarysigmoid/osigmoid colonsigmoidCombining formsRoot Meaning Adjectivecholecystectomycolonoscopyduodenale

14、sophagealhepatomegalyileostomygastrojejunostomypharyngealproctoscopystomatitisexcision of gallbladderexamination of colonpertaining to duodenumpertaining to esophagusenlargement of liversurgical opening of ileumgastrointestinal anastomosispertaining to pharynxexamination of the rectuminflammation of

15、 the mouthWrite down the meaning of the following words.2022-5-223Prefixes relatedendo-in, withinhyper-above, excessiveperi-aroundpost-after, behindretro-backward, behindRootMeaning 2022-5-224Suffixes related -algia, -dyniapain gastralgia cardiodynia, -aseenzyme lipase-celehernia encephalocele-cente

16、sispuncture thoracocentesis-emesisvomiting hematemesis-iasiscondition of cholelithiasis-malaciasoftening osteomalaciaRoot MeaningExample 2022-5-225Suffixes related -pepsia digestioneupepsia-prandial mealpostprandial-ptosis prolapsegastroptosis-rrhaphy suture herniorrhaphy-stenosis stricture esophago

17、stenosis-tripsy crushing lithotripsyRoot Meaning Example 26duoden/opancreat/ocheil/osial/obucc/opeps/opharyng/opylor/osigmoid/oodont/olapar/oduodennumpancreaslipsalivacheekdigestionpharynx, throatpylorussigmoid colontoothabdomenWrite down the meaning of the combining form.27jejunumswallowesophaguspo

18、lypbilececumtongueileumpalatenutritionjejun/ophag/oesophag/opolyp/obil/o, chol/ecec/olingu/oile/opalat/oaliment/oWrite down the combining forms for the meaning given below.28-tripsy-ase-stomy-iasisretro-ptosis-prandial-emesis-centesis-stenosis-rrhaphycrushingenzymesurgical openingconditionbackward,

19、behindsagging, prolaspemealvomitingpuncturestricture, narrowingsutureWrite down the meaning of the prefix or suffix given below.one who specializes in disorders of the rectum and anusinflammation of the liverpertaining to the cheekcrushing of stonespuncture to aspirate (fluid) from the abdomensurgic

20、al repair of the anussurgical removal of the stomachprocess of examining the colon proctologisthepatitisbuccallithotripsyabdominocentesisanoplastygastrectomycolonoscopyBuild the medical terms for the meaning given below.esophagus inflammationappendix surgical removal colon surgical openinglip suture

21、gallbladder recordnutrition pertaining topancreas diseaseesophagitisappendectomycolostomycheilorrhaphycholecystogramalimentarypancreatopathyBuild the medical terms from the combining form and suffix.Combining form for Suffix forTerm 1. dyspepsia word part _ / _/_ meaning term meaning2. hyperemesis w

22、ord part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning3. herniorrhaphy word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning4. dysphagia word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaningBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.1. dyspepsia dys / peps/ia painful digestion2. hyperemesis hyper/emesis condition of ex

23、cessive vomiting3. herniorrhaphy herni/o/rrhaphy suture of a hernia4. dysphagia dys/phag/o/ia abnormal swallowingBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.5. cholelithiasis word part _ / _/_ meaning term meaning6. hematemesis word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning7. palat

24、oplasty word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaning8. ileostomy word part _ /_ /_ meaning term meaningBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.5. cholelithiasis chol/e/lith/o/iasis formation of gallstones6. hematemesis hemat/o/emesis vomiting blood7. palatoplasty palat/o/plas

25、ty surgical repair of the palate8. ileostomy ile/o/stomy surgical opening into the ileumBreak the given medical term into its word parts and define each part.Example1. esophageal sphincter2. HP (helicobactor polyri)The least you need to knowThe digestive system is composed of the upper and lower GI

26、tracts and the accessory organs of digestionThe upper GI tract starts at the mouth and ends with the duodenum.The lower GI tract starts at the jejunum and end back at the anus.The GI tract has four layers that support digestion and help with hormonal, immunological, and homeostatic regulation. These

27、 layers are also protective.Digestion requires lots of chemicals and enzymes, which are provided by the upper GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion.Homeopathy（顺势疗法）a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar

28、to those being treatedHomeopathy（顺势疗法）16世纪末德国医生、药剂师塞缪尔哈内曼提出一种新的治疗方法。当时放血、水蛭、抽气罐、泻药和砒霜等令人发毛的治疗方法正在盛行，其他药物治疗方法还很稀少。哈内曼想要放弃这些恐怖的疗法。于是，他让一些健康的人服用金鸡纳霜（奎宁），这些人很快出现了发热、脉搏加快、四肢发冷等与疟疾病人相同的症状。于是，哈内曼认为，这些药之所以能够起到治疗效果，是因为它能够产生同样的症状“以毒攻毒”，于是他构架了“同类治愈同类”的治疗理论。顺势疗法（Homeopathy）这个源于希腊语homoios（相似）和patheia（患病）的单词从此诞生了

29、。之后，他又做了一系列的论证，在健康的志愿者和他自己身上实验其他药物。顺势疗法开始在一些国家流行起来，甚至一些大学专门开设了这门专业。上世纪60年代，该疗法在美国盛行一时。据美国国立卫生研究院官方网站介绍，1999年的一次调查表明，大约有600万美国人在使用这种疗法。而1994年世界卫生组织还将这种疗法推广到很多国家的卫生体系中，包括德国、英国、印度、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、墨西哥等。顺势疗法 - 反对声音方舟子说，顺势疗法在国际医学界被公认为伪科学、伪疗法。在19世纪曾风靡一时。但是，进入20世纪后，随着现代医学的进步渐渐衰落。在20世纪20年代，最后一所顺势疗法学校在美国关闭。目前美国正规的医

30、学院都不开设顺势疗法专业，正规的医院也不采用这种疗法。 方舟子认为，那些相信顺势疗法的人是被蒙蔽了。“顺势疗法的原理很简单：药物成分越稀，稀释的倍数越多，治病效果越好。市场上销售的顺势疗法药物常见的有用蒸馏水把药物稀释了10的30次方的。这是什么概念呢？往海洋里滴一滴水，也不过被稀释了10的26次方，也就是说，其有效成分的浓度，比沧海一粟还要低1万倍，事实上是什么都没有。根据阿芙伽德罗定律，1摩尔的任何物质包含有大约10的24次方个分子，也就是说，稀释到10的24次方以后，已不可能含有被稀释的成分的一个分子，全都是水分子了。”所以服用顺势疗法药物，实际上就是在喝高价水。伦敦大学学院药理学教授大

31、卫科克伦在2006年7月27日的自然杂志上发表了一篇质疑顺势疗法的论文，他认为，顺势疗法不过是在玩数字游戏。牛津大学一直在进行一些有关顺势疗法的论证实验，但是实验结果也不能令人满意。2003年的牛津大学网站上公布了对顺势疗法的一个论证结果，发现用这种治疗方法治疗一些经常头痛的患者并没有起到很好的效果。6名接受顺势疗法的患者，常年受到头痛的侵扰，但是在接受顺势疗法一段时间后，头痛的毛病并未缓解。美国食品药品管理局对顺势疗法的管理也是由松到紧，1978年从非处方药规划到了处方药当中，而且必须在出售之前送到食品药品管理局进行重新检验以保证它的安全性。Story IStory I 斯芬克斯雕像斯芬克斯

32、雕像Story IStory Isphincter sfikt 括约肌括约肌 n. a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the opening of the stomach【词形构成】【词形构成】from Greek sphinkter “bind tight”Story IStory I sphincter 括约肌括约肌 【斯芬克斯】【斯芬克斯】最初源于古埃及的神话，它被描述为长有翅膀的怪，通常为雄性，到了希腊神话里，斯芬克司却变成

33、了一个雌性的邪恶之物，代表着神的惩罚。“Sphinx”源自希腊语“Sphiggein”，意思是“拉紧、压缩、捆绑”，正是怪物杀死受害者的方法，因为希腊人把斯芬克司想像成一个会扼人致死的怪物。传说天后赫拉派斯芬克斯坐在忒拜城附近的悬崖上，拦住过往的路人，用缪斯所传授的谜语问他们，猜不中者就会被它吃掉，这个谜语是：“什么动物早晨用四条腿 走路，中午用两条腿走路，晚上用三条腿走路？腿最多的时候，也正是他走路最慢，体力最弱的时候。”俄狄浦斯猜中了正确答案，谜底是“人”。斯芬克斯羞愧万分，跳崖而死（一说为被俄狄浦斯所杀）。斯芬克斯的人面象征著智慧和知识。Story IStory I WordWordDe

34、finition Definition WordWordDefinition Definition sphincteric括约肌的sphincteroplasty括约肌成形术sphincterotomy括约肌切开术 sphincterectomy括约肌切除术sphincteritis括约肌炎sphincteroscope肛门括约肌镜s p h i n c t e r sclerosis括约肌硬化s p h i n c t e r urethrae尿道括约肌sphincter vaginae 阴道括约肌sphincter vesicae 膀胱括约肌Story IIStory II chronic

35、 krnk慢性的，长期的慢性的，长期的 adj. (of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring【词形构成词形构成】 from Greek khronos “time” Story IIStory II 【克洛诺斯克洛诺斯】 宙斯(Zeus)的父亲，宇宙最早的统治者。以推翻父亲统治而起家，也害怕子女反抗自己，为保帝位而吞噬子女，但最终被儿子宙斯推翻。其行为就像无情的时间，吞噬一切，由此产生词根“chron-”，意指“时间”。给该词根加上形容词后缀“-ic”，得到“chronic”，意为“时间的，慢性的”。 Story IIStory II 克洛诺斯克洛诺斯Story II Story II W