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1、prepositions (介词)介词)在英语中有十大词类,哪十大词类呢?在英语中有十大词类,哪十大词类呢? 介词又称前置词,是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后须介词又称前置词,是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后须接宾语,介词与其宾语构成介词短语。接宾语,介词与其宾语构成介词短语。 介词从其构成来看可以分为:1、简单介词(Simple prepositions)如:at ,by, for, in, from, since, through等; 2、复合介词(Compound prepositions)如:onto, out of, without, towards等;3、短语介

2、词(phrasal prepositions)如;because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of等;4、二重介词(double prepositions)如:from behind, from under, till after等;5、分词介词(participial prepositions),又可称动词介词(verbal prepositions)如:during, concerning, excepting, considering, 等。 -Eric一、一、 介词的概念和分类介词的概念和分类常见介词常见介词

3、方位介词方位介词aboveoveronbelowunderbeneathaboveoverbeneathbelowunderonBe careful, there is a heavy box_ your head.The sun is _ the mountain in the east.There are some stamps_the desk.The position he pointed to was _ the sea level.The little mouse is _ the table, so it is not easy to find it. -Eric overabo

4、ve onabovebelowunder2. across over through pastacrossoverthroughpast横穿,穿越, 表示运动发生在物体的表面跨过 越过,表示运动发生在物体的上方穿过,通过表示运动发生在某物的空间从经过,表示运动发生在某物的旁边The Great wall winds its way from west to east, _deserts, _ mountains, _ valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. The crowd of people walked _ the City Hall to t

5、he Centre Square.Swim _ the river, go _ the street , fly _ the mountain, _ the door,window, a bridge _ the river -Ericacrossoverthroughpastacross_ across over throughoverat 表示在较小的地方表示在较小的地方(门牌门牌); 在某物旁在某物旁(不确定的地方不确定的地方) in 表示在较大的地方表示在较大的地方(国家国家,城市城市); 在某物范围内在某物范围内.(地点的排列地点的排列顺序是由小到大顺序是由小到大).on 表示在某物

6、上表示在某物上(表面接触表面接触); road 前用前用on, street前用前用in/on; 楼层用楼层用on; farm前用前用on, field前用前用in.on the sixth floor. on the farm, on the ground a city on the Changjiang river, on the left on the right -Eric v3. 表示地点时表示地点时 at, in, on 的区别的区别 at 116 Changhe Street. at the stationairportat the theatrethe partythe mee

7、ting conference-at the end of at the bottom of at the foot of -In the world in Asia in the country in the village in the street in the skyin the lake in the woods in an armchair in hospital prison church . 4.在在-上上 on 侧重与表面接触侧重与表面接触 in侧重与接触的深度侧重与接触的深度We found a square hole _the west wall.There is a m

8、ap of the world _ the wall.hitbeatstrikepat轻拍 sb _ the face eyemouthchesthitbeatstrikepat轻拍 sb _the headforeheadnoseearneckshoulder(takeseizecatchshake sb _ the armhand)There are lots of apples _ the tree.Birds often play _ the tree.in on 表静态,into onto表动态“往里 往上 -Ericinoninonbyonin5.表方位的介词表方位的介词in, o

9、n, to, off的区别的区别 in 表示在境内表示在境内. on 表示相邻或在边界上表示相邻或在边界上, 不在境内不在境内. to 表示在境外表示在境外, 不接壤不接壤. off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方.Guangdong lies _ the south of China and Fujian is _ the east of it. Hainan is _ the coast of the mainland. -Eric inonoff6 介词介词 among 和和 between 的区别的区别 1) 一般情况下,between用于两者之间, among用

10、于三者或三者以上之间。 It is about 100 metres between the post office and our school. Divide the money among the four of you2)但在有些情况下between可用于三者或三者以上之间。A) 提到明确位置时Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Australia and ItalyB) 提到事物之间区别时Do you know the difference between lie, lay and laid?C) 提到各分配对象时 He divided

11、 his money between his wife, his son and his daughter.(此句也可用among,但意义有差别。between强调个体各有一份,among强调整体, 表示分钱的范围) -EricD) 用在“between ourselves”结构中,意为“私下说的话(不可告诉别人)”。 The matter is highly classified. It is between ourselves.这件事高度机密,不能告诉别人。 -Eric二二 表示时间介词表示时间介词1. at, in, on的区别的区别1 The train leaves _ 6:00pm

12、, so I have to be at the station _ 5:40 at the latest. A. at; until B. for; after C. at; by D. before;around2 The old man died _ cold _ a cold night. A. from; at B. of; in C. of; on D. for; during3 The railway was opened _ traffic _ April 4, 1985. A. to; on B. to; in C. by; on D. for; on -EricCCAin

13、,on, at的区别和用法的区别和用法1) at 表示在某一时刻或短暂的时间。表示在某一时刻或短暂的时间。at one oclock(在一点钟),(在一点钟), at dawn(在黎明),(在黎明), at sunrise (在日出(在日出时),时), at noon(在正午),(在正午), at that time(在那时),(在那时), at the last moment (在最后一刻),(在最后一刻), at breakfast (在早餐时)(在早餐时)at dark at亦可表示亦可表示 “年龄年龄”、 “节日节日”等。等。at the age of twenty(在二十岁(在二十岁

14、时),时), at Mid-autumn(在中秋节时(在中秋节时),), at Christmas(在圣诞节(在圣诞节时)时)2) in 用来表示某年、某月、季节、上下午、傍晚等时间用来表示某年、某月、季节、上下午、傍晚等时间 in 1998 in May, in May, 1998in the morningafternoonevening, in the night(特指某一夜间,而(特指某一夜间,而at night表泛指的夜间),表泛指的夜间),in the day(在(在白天)白天)in summer in the twentieth centuryin modern timesin

15、ones old age(在某人晚年)(在某人晚年) in ones teens / twenties/ thirties, in ones youth in the day time in one s life in the past inthose days in the futurein a week(在一周后(在一周后 in a few days in a moment ,3) on用于某日或特定某日的早晚、上下午等。用于某日或特定某日的早晚、上下午等。on Sunday(在星期日),(在星期日), on October the first, 1999(在(在1999年年10月月1日)

16、,日), on Monday morning(在星期日早晨),(在星期日早晨), on a cold evening(在(在一个寒冷的晚上),一个寒冷的晚上), on New Years Eve(新年前夕)(新年前夕)on Christmas DayAt 9 on the morning of April,1976At 9 in the morning in April , 1976 -Eric during the Christmas Days2.in, within, after的区别和用法的区别和用法1) in 表从现在时间角度看将来,意为表从现在时间角度看将来,意为“在在之后之后“,“

17、过若干时间就过若干时间就”。 The project will be finished in a week. 2) within 表示期限表示期限,,意为,意为“在某时间之内在某时间之内”。(将来或过去)将来或过去) He must be back within a week. 他必须一周之内回来。他必须一周之内回来。 3) after 表示表示 “什么时间之后什么时间之后”,后可接表某一时刻或某种活动的词。,后可接表某一时刻或某种活动的词。 The meal was ready after thirty minutes.三十分钟后饭熟了。三十分钟后饭熟了。 We left after the

18、 party.晚会后我们离开了。晚会后我们离开了。My father will be back from abroad in three days.He left home and went to the school after two days two days laterIll go and see her after three oclock.after+一段时间, 常与过去时连用after +时间上的一点, 常与将来时连用In the past, no villagers dared do that.In the pastlast few years, great changes h

19、ave taken place in the village. -Eric4.during, for的区别和用法的区别和用法during 表示表示“在(某一段时间)内在(某一段时间)内”,“在在期间期间”,用于已知一段时,用于已知一段时间或已限定的时期或阶段。间或已限定的时期或阶段。for 用来指延续一段时间。用来指延续一段时间。例如例如 I went to shanghai during the vacation and stayed there for 20 days.我假期里去了上海并在那儿呆了二十多天。我假期里去了上海并在那儿呆了二十多天。5. by, till / until的区别和

20、用法的区别和用法1) by表示到某时某事已发生或已出现情况,;表示到某时某事已发生或已出现情况,;till 表示行动或状态一直迟续到表示行动或状态一直迟续到某一时间某一时间(肯定句中延续动词肯定句中延续动词)。)。We discussed about the matter till/until midnight. 我们一直谈那件事,直到午夜时分。(我们一直谈那件事,直到午夜时分。(midnight 指动作的终点)指动作的终点). You must hand in your term paper by next Monday. 你必须在下星期日之前交学期论文。你必须在下星期日之前交学期论文。 (

21、不晚于星期一,可以是星期一,也可以(不晚于星期一,可以是星期一,也可以是这之前某个时间发生)是这之前某个时间发生)2) till / until 经常用在否定句中,译作经常用在否定句中,译作 “到到才才”, 强调时间晚了。强调时间晚了。.例如例如 He didnt arrive until ten oclock.他直到十点钟才来。他直到十点钟才来。 -Eric三、三、besides, but, except, except for, other than的区别和用法的区别和用法Beside 在在-旁边旁边1)Besides 除除在外还有(常与在外还有(常与also, else, any oth

22、er, more 连用)(包括在内)连用)(包括在内)例如例如 He had to learn English besides Japanese. 副词,副词, 此外此外 而且而且2) but与与except同义,同义, 但但but多用在多用在every, any, no(及它们的复合(及它们的复合词),词), all, none, who, what, where等后。等后。 Who but George would do such a thing? 除乔治之外,还有谁会干这种事?除乔治之外,还有谁会干这种事?3) except表示表示“除了除了”,不包括其后的宾语。,不包括其后的宾语。 E

23、veryone came on time except Henry.4) except for“除了除了,只是,只是”,前后比较对象不属于同一类或同一个层次。,前后比较对象不属于同一类或同一个层次。The road was empty except for a few cars.肯定整体,肯定整体, 否定小部分否定小部分 They are good boys except for their shortcomingExcept that 加句子加句子Except when加句子除了当加句子除了当-时候时候 -Eric5) other than与与except用法相似,但用法相似,但other

24、than还有其他的含义:还有其他的含义:A) not, any thing but (不是,除了)(不是,除了)例如例如 She can hardly be other than grateful. 她会感激不尽。她会感激不尽。B) otherwise than; in any other way than (与(与不同;与不同;与不同方式)不同方式)例如例如 You cant get there other than by swimming. 除游泳之外,别无其他方法抵达那里。除游泳之外,别无其他方法抵达那里。6) apart from 可表示可表示besides, except, exce

25、pt for或或without的意义:的意义:例例 1 Its time-consuming apart from the cost. 除了价格高以外,还很费时。除了价格高以外,还很费时。例例 2 You did a good job, apart from a few slight faults. 除了一些小缺点外,你做得还不错。除了一些小缺点外,你做得还不错。例例 3 He cares nothing in the world apart from himself在世上,他除了自己什么都不在乎。在世上,他除了自己什么都不在乎。例例 4 There is no short-cut to it

26、 apart from hard work除了努力工作,别无捷径可走。除了努力工作,别无捷径可走。 -Eric 四、四、 表示价格表示价格,比率比率,标准标准,速度的介词速度的介词 at 表示价值,价格表示价值,价格, 比率或速度比率或速度, 表单价表单价. for 表示交换表示交换, 指总价钱指总价钱 by 表示度量单位或标准表示度量单位或标准. 后接表计量单位的名词一般是后接表计量单位的名词一般是单数单数,前面需加定冠词前面需加定冠词the. 数词或复数名词前不加数词或复数名词前不加. We are flying _ a speed of 400kms/hr. I bought these

27、 books _ 5 dollars each. I bought these books _ 30 dollars. He is paid _ the week. Eggs are sold _ the dozen.atatforbybyby the yearday month-by the dozentonyardjin-by weight heightlengthwidth -Eric五、五、 工具、手段、工具、手段、 方式介词方式介词By sea by water by land by air by railBy bike by bus by taxi by plane by ship

28、 by boat by train by spaceshipIn the a plane, on a the train, on the a my bike, on foot, on a horse 使用语言,使用语言, 原料,原料, 材料用材料用 in in English in blue inkIn this that the same wayBy thisthat meansBy means of With this that method -EricWith + a the my +有形的工具或身体某些器官有形的工具或身体某些器官With a pen with our eyes3.pa

29、y attention tobe used to stick to lead to get down to look forward to object to see to be devoted to the key to 2.The key to the door the answer to the question a visit to With the door open with the light on with his hands in his pocket with his eyes looking at me with all the work done with a lot

30、of work to do -Eric5.With的复合宾语的复合宾语4.(much) To ones delight surprise horror sorrow joy regret=to the delight surprise horror sorrow joy regret of sb1.Of use =useful of importance=important of value= valuable of help= helpful of no use= useless on“关于关于”,学术性强:,学术性强:a lecture on computer about“关于关于”,知识

31、性或随便谈论:,知识性或随便谈论:a discussion about the plan be familiar with sb./sth. 熟悉某人熟悉某人/某某be familiar to sb. 为某人所熟悉为某人所熟悉 be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求对某人严格要求be strict in sth. 严格对待某事严格对待某事 at least 至少至少 in the least 丝毫,一点丝毫,一点 in the way挡路,障碍,妨碍挡路,障碍,妨碍 in a way在某点上,在某种程度上在某点上,在某种程度上 by the way顺便问一下顺便问一下 on on

32、e s way(to) 在在路上路上 in the air 空中,在流传空中,在流传 on the air播出播出 shout to 呼喊,向呼喊,向喊喊 shout at对对吼,责骂吼,责骂in the endat lastfinally=to be last by the end of到到末止末止 after a timeafter some time过一段时间后过一段时间后 behind time迟到,过期迟到,过期 ahead of time提前,超前提前,超前 sometime某时某时 some time某段时间,某一时期某段时间,某一时期 sometimes有时有时 at a ti

33、meeach time每次每次 at one timeonce曾经曾经 -Eric at the end of在在结束时,在结束时,在末端,末端, for a momentfor a while/minute一会儿一会儿 for the moment暂时暂时 in a moment立刻立刻 at the moment当时当时 the moment/minute/second/instanceas soon as 一一就就Eg.I found myself in an entirely new world the moment I arrived in Beijing. be tired of

34、讨厌讨厌 be tired withfrom 因因而疲而疲倦倦be pleased with名词名词/what从句从句 对对满意满意 be pleased at抽象名词抽象名词 听听/看到看到而高兴而高兴 be known to sb.为某人所知为某人所知 be known as 作为作为而出名,被叫作而出名,被叫作 be known for因因而出名而出名be busy with sth.忙于某事忙于某事 be busy(in) doing sth.忙着做某事忙着做某事 -Ericv相近介词(短语)辨析v 1. on“关于”,学术性强:a lecture on computerv about

35、“关于”,知识性或随便谈论:a discussion about the planv 2. go/come/walk/run后只能用into, put/sit down/throw/jump/fall后可用in/intov 3. over在正上方,under在正下方v above在上面(不一定垂直上方),below在下面v 4. in an hour一小时后,用于将来时v after an hour一小时后,用于过去时v 5. beside在旁边v besides除之外(还有)v except除之外v except for除(非同类事物)之外v 6. on/in the streetv at

36、50 Dongfeng Road 在东风路50号v 7. a hole in the wallv a picture on the wallv a piece of news in the newspaperv the words in the envelopv the monkey in the treev the apples on the tree(树上的苹果。表示长在树“上”的果实要用介词“on”)v 8. the tallest boy of(in) the class/school/(象class这类群体单位名词前可用v of或in)v the tallest(boy) of th

37、e ten boys(象boys这类非群体名词前,只能用of)v 9. with the help / the permission of 在 帮助/允诺下v under the leadership / the care of 在领导/关心下v 10. be familiar with sb./sth. 熟悉某人/某物v be familiar to sb. 为某人所熟悉v11. be absent from meeting/class开会/上课缺席v be sbsent in sp. 不在某处v 12. be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求vbe strict in sth

38、. 严格对待某事v 13. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部(在中国境内)v Korea lies on the east of China. 朝鲜与中国的东部接壤。v Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东部(不接壤)。v 14. at least 至少v in the least 丝毫,一点v 15. in the air 空中,在流传v on the air播出v 16. shout to 呼喊,向喊v shout at对吼,责骂v 17. in the way挡路,障碍,妨碍v in

39、a way在某点上,在某种程度上v by the way顺便问一下v on ones way(to) 在路上v 18. at the corner在拐角处(外角)v in the corner在拐角里,在角落里(内角)v on the corner在角落上(外角)v 19. on fire着火,失火v on the fire在火上v at the fire在炉边v 20. in the endat lastfinallyv by the end of到末止v at the end of在结束时,在末端,at the end最后。v 21. after a timeafter some time

40、过一段时间后v behind time迟到,过期v ahead of time提前,超前v sometime某时v some time某段时间,某一时期v sometimes有时v at a timeeach time每次v at one timeonce曾经v22. for a momentfor a while/minute一会儿v for the moment暂时v in a moment立刻v at the moment当时v the moment/minute/second/instanceas soon as 一就v 23. be tired of 讨厌 v be tired wi

41、th 因而疲倦v 24. be popular with sb. 受某人的欢迎v be popular for因而流行v be popular in sp. 在某处流行v 25. be pleased with名词/what从句 对满意 v be pleased at抽象名词 听/看到而高兴v 26. be known to sb.为某人所知v be known as 作为而出名,被叫作v be known for因而出名v 27. be busy with sth.忙于某事v be busy(in) doing sth.忙着做某事v 28. be late for迟于参加(某项活动): Sh

42、e was late for supper.她吃晚饭去迟了。v be late with某事办迟了: She was late with the supper.她晚饭烧迟了。I dont think Ill need any money but Ill bring some _.At last B. in case C. once again D. in time2. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through3. The suit fit

43、ted him very well _ the color was a little brighter. A. except for B. except that C. except when D. besides4. In order to change attitudes _ employing women, the government is bringing in new laws. A. about B. of C. towards D. on 5. Would you slow down a bit, please? I cant _ you. A. keep up with B.

44、 put up with C. make up to D. hold on to -Ericv6. The accident is reported to have occurred _ the first Sunday in February.v A. at B. on C. in D. tov7. I am sorry its _ my power to make a final decision on the project.v A. over B. above C. off D. beyondv8.The speech by the mayor of Shanghai before t

45、he final voting for EXPO2010 is strongly impressed _ my memory.v A. to B. over C. by D. onv9. We hadnt planned to meet. We met _ chance.vA. of B. in C. for D. byv10.John became a football coach in Sealin Middle School_ the beginning of March.v A. on B. for C. with D. atv -Eric小结与建议 今天我们主要讲解了介词的概念和分类

46、,常见介词的用法,并对常见易混淆的介词作了辨析,相信大家在此基础上多积累,勤实践,细心体会介词应用当中的细微差别,就一定能把介词掌握好,下面仅就平时学习时应注意些什么谈三点建议,以供大家参考。1、注意动词固定搭配,尤其是要记住同一动词接不同介词时的具体意思和用法。如look for, look after , look at , look down upon , look about , look around 等等。2、注意那些形容词、名词后接什么介词及其具有的意思。3、注意常见的容易混淆的介词,把它们区分开来,前面已举例颇多,现不在赘述。 -Ericv连 接 词v一、连词分类:v 1并列连

47、词:是指连接对等的词、词组和句子,而不是连接主句与从句 的连词,包括四类:v1:表示联合关系的并列连词:and ,bothand,not onlybut also,as well as,andas well,notnor也不 ,neithernor,then等v2:表示选择关系的并列连词:or,whetheror,eitheror等v3:表示转折关系的并列连词:while,whereas,yet,however,notbut, onlyv4:表示因果关系的并列连词:forv2从属连词:指连接主句与从句的连词,包括:v1:简单从属连词:after,although,though,as ,beca

48、use, befor,if ,lest,once,since,that, till,until,when,where,whether,while等v2:复合从属连词:vExcept that,for fear that,given(that),on condition that,provided(that),providing that,so that ,in that, in order that, now that,as far as, as long as,as soon as, so far as ,so long as ,so as ,as if ,as though ,in case ,no matter who, no matter how ,no matter when ,no matter where, rather than ,no

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