探析立体构成的形式美法则

1、探析立体构成的形式美法则摘要:在工业设计专业的教学中，立体构成课程有举足轻重的作用。本文分析了立体构成中的几种主要的形式美法则，了解和掌握这些法则对立体构成的学习有积极意义。Abstract: in the teaching of industrial design major, three-dimensional composition course has a pivotal role. This article analyzes the several main aesthetic principles of three-dimensional construction, underst

2、and and grasp the rules of three-dimensional construction of learning has a positive significance.关键词:立体构成;形式美法则Key words: three-dimensional construction; Aesthetic principles立体构成是使立体形象有组织和有秩序地进行排列、组合、分解。必须遵循一定的美学设计原则和形式，因此，了解和掌握这些形式的法则对立体构成的学习有积极帮助。Three-dimensional construction is to make the thre

3、e-dimensional image of an organized and orderly arrangement, combination and decomposition. Must follow certain principles and forms, aesthetic design, therefore, to understand and master the rules of the form of three-dimensional construction of learning has a positive help.一、立体构成的形式美三原则A, three-di

4、mensional form consisting of three principles整体性原则。整体之美大于局部之美，首先思考的是宏观形式和结构，陷入细节就很难把握整体。时时把握整体的设计观念，防止局部喧宾夺主，这和素描的学习的原理相通。整体构思原则是立体造型的成功关键。整体性是指在内容和形式上，构成的各元素之间有着关联，任何构成元素单独的视觉意义必须被控制在整体的视觉之下，局部只有在整体的关系中才能被认识。设计者在考虑构成中的每一种元素时，都必须在一个宏观思路中去思考，整体原则是三大构成都必须遵循的。Integrity principle. Local beauty, the beau

5、ty of the whole is greater than first thought is the macroscopic form and structure, in detail it is difficult to grasp the overall. Always grasp the overall design concept, to prevent local a presumptuous guest usurps the host's role, this and the sketch study principle is same. Integral design

6、 principles is a key to the success of the stereo modelling. Integrity refers to the content and form, has a connection between the elements that any form element separate visual sense must be controlled under the overall visual, local can be recognized only in the overall relationship. Designers ar

7、e considering form of each element, must be in a macro way of thinking to think about, the overall principle is that must be followed by all three constitute.简洁概括性原则。在形式设计中要简洁明确、概括洗练，达到整体效果，使形式生机勃勃。只注意数量，不注意质量的堆砌只能是错上加错。力求用简洁单纯的方法来完成整体的塑造。中国古代的宋瓷就是简洁概括的典范。Concise and general principles. In form desi

8、gn is concise and clear and generalize washs practice, to achieve the overall effect, make the form of vitality. Note number only, do not pay attention to the quality of pile is only mistake. Strive to use concise and simple method to complete the shape. The ancient Chinese song dynasty porcelain is

9、 a concise summary of the model.主从性原则。元素有主导和从属之分。主从不分会导致元素间的相互关系的混乱。尤其是处理强对比要素时，须使一方有明显的优势，才能求得整体的和谐。同样的，立体形态的视角的主次关系也必须明确，任何一个建筑或工业产品都有一个主视面，造型才有整体秩序美。Master-slave principle. Elements are dominant and subordinate. Subordinate branch not cause chaos in the relationship between elements. Handle stron

10、g compare the elements, especially must make one party has obvious advantages, to obtain the overall harmony. Similarly, three-dimensional form the perspective of primary and secondary relationship must be clear, any construction or industrial products have a primary visual surface, modelling beauty

11、 is the whole order.二、统一和秩序Second, the unity and order统一的形式法则的功能在于将造型的各个元素秩序化，使得整体的造型要素彼此产生关联而形式富有秩序，产生单纯而和谐的美感；秩序是理性的组织规律在形式结构上所形成的视觉条件。秩序的特质取决于规律的模式，规律越简单，整体效果越严整，规律越复杂，整体效果越活泼。在形体的组织结构上，还要注意秩序的变化。统一中才能找到更好的秩序。Function of unity in the form of law lies in the formative elements bringing, the modell

12、ing of the overall factors related and form rich order each other, simple and harmonious aesthetic feeling; Order is the organization of rational laws on the form structure formed by the visual condition. Order quality depends on regular mode, rule is simple, the overall effect more orderly, rule th

13、e more complex, the overall effect more lively. In the form of organization structure, also notice changes in the order. Unity can we find a better order.三、重复Three, repeat相同单元的反复能产生严整而富有秩序性的统一感。相似单元的重复能形成统一中的变化；相异单元的重复能够形成变化中的统一效果；重复的原则必须寻求适宜的规律，以把握适当的效果。重复构成的特点:视觉现象秩序化、整齐化，呈现出和谐统一，富有整体感的视觉效果。Same u

14、nit repeatedly can produce orderly and order the sense of unity. The change in the repetition of similar units can form unified; Different units of repetition can effect change in unity; Repetitive principles must seek appropriate laws, in order to grasp the appropriate effect. Consisting of repeate

15、d features: visual phenomenon bringing, neat, and presents the harmony and unity, rich whole visual effect.四、对比与和谐4, contrast and harmony对比指立体形态以对比方式衬托出彼此的特点，使彼此的个性更加明确、强烈、同时增强形体对感官的刺激，造成更强的视觉效果。对比，造成富有生气、活泼、动感的造型，元素间的差异性是对比的根本。缺乏对比就没有活力，失去运动感。Contrast refers to the three-dimensional shape in contra

16、st way set off each other's characteristics, to make each other personality more clear, strong, and at the same time enhance the form of sensory stimulation, resulting in stronger visual effects. Contrast, create vibrant, lively, dynamic modelling, diversity is the basis of comparison between el

17、ements. The lack of contrast, there is no vitality, loss of movement.和谐，指立体形态间的共性大于个性，求统一。一味强调对比，导致元素间的冲突加大，全局难以控制，带来整体的关系模糊。设计师协调统一形态构成的各个要素。对比与和谐是相辅相成。是对立的统一，立体构成从许多方面体现出对比与调和的关系。不同形体呈现不同的对比与调和的关系。几何形体，各种方体、球体、圆柱体、圆锥体，他们之间的搭配都容易找到整体关系，由于都具有统一感和整体性，容易对比与调和。在人类的历史长河中，许多古代著名建筑运用了几何原理，金字塔、太和殿，罗马角斗场，无不

18、折射出几何形体的对比与和谐。设计师的成功地将几何形状从属于基本形，使基本形特征得到强调。Harmony, refers to the commonness exceeds individuality between stereo configuration, strives for the unification. Insisting that contrast, lead to greater conflicts between elements, the global is difficult to control, brings the overall fuzzy relationshi

19、p. Designers constitute the elements of harmonious and unified form. Contrast and harmony complement each other. Is the unity of opposites, the three-dimensional structure from many aspects reflect the contrast and harmony relationship. Present different contrast and mediate the relationship between

20、 different form. Geometric shapes, all kinds of cube, sphere, cylinder, cone, collocation is easy to find the overall relationship between them, due to have a sense of unity and wholeness, and easy to contrast and harmony. In human history, many famous ancient buildings use the geometric principle,

21、the pyramids, the hall of supreme harmony, the Roman arena, which reflects the geometric shapes of contrast and harmony. Designer's geometry from belong to the business successfully, emphasize the characteristics of the business.实体与虚空之间的关系也需要遵循和谐之美。实体与虚空的关系是对立统一的，两者之间的相互作用，彼此又独立存在。实体是客观的，它存在于虚空中

22、；实体和虚空很难彼此独立存在。虚空不同的内容和内涵，深刻地影响着人的空间情绪。老子说过，“三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。故有之以为利，无之以为用”。The relationship between the entity and vanity also need to follow the harmonious beauty. Entities and vanity is the unity of opposites relationship, the interaction between the two, each other

23、and exist independently. Entity is objective, it exists in vain; Entities and vanity is hard to separate. Vanity different content and the connotation, space profoundly affects people's emotions. Lao tzu said, "thirty spokes were a boss, and when they had no, have a car. Yan includes proces

24、sing thought, when its not there. Chisel HuYou thought, when it is not, there is room. Reason of what is, without a thought of using".立体造型的色彩关系需要追求和谐。天然与人工材料呈现出不同的色彩关系，给人以各种视觉和触觉的感受，形成调和关系则产生秩序感。立体形态的色彩在不同的光照下构成不同色相、明度和纯度对比，人的色彩感受中伴随着心理活动，出现冷暖、进迟、轻重、厚薄、扩张与收缩、动与静等感受。利用色彩对比可取得和谐的效果，也是进行变化的重要方法。任何

25、对比色相都可以通过改变纯度、明度、面积、比例取得对比与和谐Three-dimensional modeling of color need to pursue a harmonious relationship. Natural and artificial materials present a different color relations, give a person with a variety of visual and tactile feeling, form a harmonic relationship between the sense of order. Three-

26、dimensional form of color in different light different hue, lightness and purity, color feeling with the human mental activities, changes in temperature, in late, weight, thickness, expansion and contraction, such as dynamic and static feeling. Use of color contrast can achieve harmonious effect, it

27、 is also an important approach to change. Any contrast hue can be by changing the purity and lightness, area, scale contrast and harmony五、对称Five, the symmetry在立体构成中，任何形体，如果以形体的垂直或水平线为轴，当它的形态呈现为上下、左右或多面均齐就称之为对称。在自然界中有许多对称的现象，例如动物、飞机的双翼、植物的叶子等。人们在观看这类形体时，对称形式美感往往会给人带来感官的满足。对称形体使人有安定感觉。In stereoscopic

28、form, any body, if in the form of vertical or horizontal line as axis, when its form appears as up and down, left and right sides or faceted call it is symmetrical. There are a lot of symmetry in the nature phenomena, such as animals, the plane's wings, the leaves of plants, etc. When people wat

29、ch this kind of form, symmetry form aesthetic feeling often brings the satisfaction of the senses. Symmetrical form make the person feel stable.视线在两边之间来回游动，最终视点落在形体的中间点，获得视觉上的愉快和享受。对称形式的特点是整齐、统一，具有极强的规律性。我国古代建筑和器物无不追求对称之美。Sight moving back and forth between both sides, the final point falls in the m

30、iddle of the body, visual pleasure and enjoyment. Symmetrical form characteristic is neat, uniform, with strong regularity. Chinese ancient architecture and implements all the pursuit of the beauty of symmetry.欧洲的历代宫廷建筑、纪念馆等是对称建筑的杰作。建筑物中心轴线两边的形和体量相同，强调对称的中心，安定、庄重感油然而生。形体越复杂越要强调对称性，否则有不安定感。意大利建筑大师帕拉迪

31、奥的圆厅别墅之所以采用对称形式，是为体现庄重之感。简单的形体也要强调视线的对称。柯布西耶的萨伏耶别墅，形体简洁明快，正立面有5根立柱，刚好获得对称的效果。复杂的形体，运用综合方法体现对称性。通过不同形体的组合和连接、并将某些部位形体加以变化和强调可获得丰富的对称效果。Europe's all previous dynasties palace architecture, such as memorial hall is the masterpiece of symmetric structures. The shape and size is the same on both side

32、s of the center of a building, the center of the emphasis on symmetry, stability and grave feeling arises spontaneously. The more complex and emphasize symmetry form, or insecurity. Italian architect para dior circular room of the villa are using symmetric form, is a solemn feeling. Simple also emph

33、asize the line of sight of symmetric form. Le corbusier's Mr Fu "villa, form concise and lively, facade has five columns, just have a symmetrical effect. The form of complex, using integrated method embody symmetry. Through different forms of combination and connection, and will try to chan

34、ge some parts form and emphasizes the rich symmetrical effect can be obtained.六、平衡Six, balance在视觉形式上，不同的色彩、造型和材质等要素在不同的空间位置上将引起不同的重量感受；如能很好的调节到安定的位置，即产生平衡状态。对称平衡是指造型空间的中心点两边或四周的形态具有相同且相等的公约量而形成的安定现象；非对称平衡是指一个形式中的两个相对部分不同，但因量的感觉相似而形成的平衡现象。In visual form, different color, shape and material elements s

35、uch as in different space would cause the weight of the different feelings; Such as well to adjust to the stable position, namely produce state of equilibrium. Symmetrical balance is refers to the form of space on both sides or around the center of the shape is the same and equal amount of conventio

36、n and form the stable phenomenon; Asymmetrical balance refers to a form of two relative parts is different, but because of the feeling of similar form of balance.七、比例的形式法则Seven, scale in the form of law在立体构成中它是指形体部分与部分、局部与整体数量上的数比关系，体现出形态的美感。In stereoscopic form it is refers to the physical part and

37、 part, local and whole number ratio relations, manifests the beauty of the form.自然界的万物中和人造之物自身存在着比例，不同性别的人体比例不同，不同年龄的人体比例不同，这些都可以从西方绘画大师的作品中找到端仪；比例幽雅的工业产品的造型，受大众青睐。简洁明快的比例更容易被接受。具有简单的比例的形态是优美的，经得起历史检验。西方优秀的古典建筑的设计都表现出简洁的比例关系，柯布西耶继承了这个传统，在著名的模度一书中，阐述了他的比例观念。Everything of the nature and man-made thing

38、 itself exist in scale, proportion of different gender, different age of the human body proportion is different, these can be found in the works of western painting masters the instrument; Proportion of quiet and tastefully laid out and the modelling of industrial products, favored by the public. Th

39、e proportion of concise and lively is easier to be accepted. Proportion has a simple form is beautiful, stand the history test. Good western classical architecture design are showed a simple proportional relationship, le corbusier inherited this tradition, in the famous book "modular", and

40、 expounds the proportion of his idea.基本比例关系有3种，固有比例、相对比例、整体比例。固有比例：一个形体内在的各种比例：长、宽、高的比例。相对比例：一个和另一个形体之间的比例。整体比例：在整体空间中，组合形体的特征或整体轮廓的比例，应该尽量让每个视角看起来都不是很乏味。从水平和垂直方向观察。要注意3种比例间的关系，使它们之间达到尽可能和谐的状态。There are three basic proportion relations, the inherent ratio and relative proportion, the overall proport

41、ion. Inherent scale: a body of inner scale: the proportion of length, width and height. Ratio: the ratio between the a and another form. Overall scale: in whole space, combination form characteristics or the proportion of the overall outline, should as far as possible let each perspective looks not

42、very boring. From the horizontal and vertical directions. Pay attention to the three kinds of relationship between proportion, make the state to achieve as harmonious as possible between them.比例和尺寸关系密切。尺度是单位测量的数值概念，规定形体在空间中所占的比例。人们感觉到某物大，这是指在规定的空间中它占去了大部分空间。一个物体的超过规定的体量，会将其他物体的空间挤压，使各个元素在空间中失衡。立体空间构

43、成在整体体量上的大小和各元素的尺度也须要考虑。构成体的体量与材料的运用是有联系的。在体量的规定下，材料规格上的考虑也有着相当的意义。Is close to the size and proportion. Scale is the value of unit of measurement concept, set the proportion in the space form. People feel something big, that means in the regulation of space it takes up most of the space. The exceed t

44、he prescribed volume of an object, other objects in space will be squeezed, each element in imbalances in the space. Three-dimensional space composition on the overall dimension of size and scale of each element also need to consider. Formation of the size and material used are connected. In under t

45、he terms of size, material specification considerations also has considerable significance.八节奏Rhythm of eight.节奏指运动中一段一段的跳跃。与强烈的运动相比，表现生命的活力常用到有节奏感的表现手法。音乐的三要素就是节奏、旋律与和声。音乐的主题性和节奏表现和设计相通，可以从音乐中学习到很多东西。通过音乐可看出一个人对抽象世界的感悟，对设计元素的节奏的理解在某种程度上也是对抽象世界的感性理解。Rhythm refers to the movement of a section of a jump. Compared with the strong movement, has the vigor of life common to the rhythm of the technique of expres