眼科学基础本科

1、会计学1眼科学基础本科眼科学基础本科EyeballEye coatFibrous tunicCornea Sclera UveaIris Ciliary body Choroid Retina Content of eyeAqueous humor Lens Vitreous vThe sclera is a fibrous collagenous structure, tough in nature, opaque, milk white. It includes: episclera, scleral stroma, lamina fuscia. vThe corneosclera lim

2、bus is a transitional zone of the cornea and the sclera, surgical incision always was taken here. It situates in the most anterior part of the uvea, in front of the lens, connected with the ciliary body in periphery. There is a round hole (2.5-4mm)in the center called pupil. There is annular sphinct

3、er pupillary muscle (innervated by parasympathetic nerve) and dilator pupillary muscle (innervated by sympathetic nerve) to regulate the size of the pupil. .3 内层：内层： 视网膜（视网膜（retina）vThe retina is a thin, semitransparent, multilayered sheet of neural tissue that lines the inner aspect of the posterio

4、r two-thirds of the wall of the globe. It extends almost as far anteriorly as the ciliary body, ending at that point in a ragged edge, the ora serrata.vSpecial structures are as following: Macular In the center of the posterior retina is the macular, with the sharpest vision sensation. In the center

5、 of the macular is the fovea. The macular area is very thin and without blood vessel in the centre. There are mainly cones here, with single line connection on verve transmission, so during the lesion in macular area, vision diminishes severely. A pink area (about 1.5mm in diameter) located at nasal

6、 side about 3mm to the macula is the optic papilla, called the optic disc too, is a site where the visual fibers on the retina come together to go out of the globe to vision centre. On the optic papilla there are vascular branches of artery and vein, a small depression on it is called optic cup. The

7、 optic papilla is the beginning of the transmission tract composed of nerve fiber collection, without photosensory sell, so it manifests as an intrinsic blind area in visual field called physiologic scotoma. Circulation route of aqueous humor Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body. Entering t

8、he posterior chamber, it passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber and then peripheral toward the anterior chamber angel, then through trabecular meshwork, Schlemms canal, collective tubes and aqueous veins, Finally it flows into the anterior ciliary veins in episclera and blood circulation

9、. The eyelid vThe eyelid are divide into upper and lower one, situated in the anterior of the orbit, cover on anterior surface of the globe, its free margin called palpebral margin, an elliptic space between two eyelids is called palpebral fissure. The fissure terminates at the medial and lateral ca

10、nthus. vThe eyelids consists of five principal planes of tissues , and are used for protecting the anterior eyeball. 1.Skin layer; 2.Subcutaneous layer; 3.Muscle layer; 4.Fibrous layer; 5.The palpebral conjunctiva. The conjunctiva vThe conjunctiva is a thin , transparent mucous membrane that lines t

11、he inner surface of the eyelid and the anterior surface of the globe. According to the anatomic position, it is divided into three parts: the palpebral, the bulber and the fornix conjunctiva.vGland of conjunctiva: 1. Goblet cell distributed in the epithelial cell layer secretes mucin.2. Accessory la

12、crimal gland, situated beneath the fornical conjunctiva secretes tears 血供：泪腺动脉血供：泪腺动脉 神经支配：神经支配： 第第V脑神经眼支脑神经眼支为感觉纤维为感觉纤维 副交感神经副交感神经（来自面神经）（来自面神经）交感神经（来自交感神经（来自颅内动脉丛）颅内动脉丛）司泪腺分泌。司泪腺分泌。The lacrimal passagevIt contains the puncta, the canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct. vThe tears

13、secreted into the conjunctiva sac, depending on blinking movements and siphonage of the canaliculi, flow to the medial canthus accumulated in the lacrimal lake, via the puncta, the canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, the nasolacrimal duct then drainaged into the inferior nasal meatus. 右眼眼球的运动眼肌的运动左眼The ex

14、traocular muscles There are six extraocular muscles include four rectus and two oblique muscles to manage eye movement.Meidal rectus: adduction.Lateral rectus: abduction.Superior rectus: elevation, adduction, intorsion.Inferior rectus: depression, adduction, extorsion.Superior oblique: intorsion, de

15、pression, abduction.Inferior oblique: extorsion, elevation, abduction. The optic chiasm The crossed fibers are come from retinal nasal sides of both eyes, uncrossed ones from retinal temporal sides. In anatomy, the optic chiasm has special relation to it surrounding tissues, for example the pituitar

16、y body, the 3rd ventricles, anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery ahead and above it, internal carotid artery in both sides, the lesion of them, all may manifest as different defect of visual field due to damage of the chaism. 1.视网膜中央动脉：视网膜中央动脉： 球后球后9-12mm进入视神经，进入视神经， 供应视网膜。少数人后

17、极供应视网膜。少数人后极 部视网膜由睫状后短动脉部视网膜由睫状后短动脉 分支睫状视网膜动脉供应分支睫状视网膜动脉供应睫状视网膜动脉睫状视网膜动脉睫状神经节长根，睫状睫状神经节长根，睫状长神经长神经为鼻睫状为鼻睫状神经分神经分支支人胚早期发育人胚早期发育神经沟和神经管 胎长胎长2.5 mm时视窝切面时视窝切面 视泡和视茎视泡和视茎 视杯和原始晶体视杯和原始晶体 胚裂的形成与闭合胚裂的形成与闭合 胚眼（胚长17毫米） 晶体纤维的发育晶体纤维的发育 玻璃体的发育玻璃体的发育 原始血管系统原始血管系统 眼睑的发育眼睑的发育 瞳孔光反射瞳孔光反射Pupil light reflex The pupil

18、under light projection, its aperture becomes small called direct light reflex, if another eye illuminated, the pupil without projection becomes small called indirect light reflex 房水循环房水循环晶状调节作用晶状调节作用正常眼晶状调节作用正常眼晶状调节作用The extraocular muscles There are six extraocular muscles include four rectus and two oblique muscles to manage eye movement.Meidal r