跨文化交际(UNIT-2)

1、Review of Unit 1 What are stumbling blocks in intercultural communication? How to overcome these blocks? A British tourist got lost in a small town in China. A Chinese couple volunteered to offer their help . And now they are introducing themselves. British tourist: It was so nice to meet you both h

2、ere. Im Susan Williams. Thank you very much. Chinese couple: Its a pleasure. Im Li Fang, and this is my husband. Welcome to China, Miss Susan.Thank you. British tourist: Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee? Chinese couple: No, thanks.Case analysisIntercultural CommunicationUnit 2Culture

3、and CommunicationWarm Up Please read the story on page 38, then answer the questions:1. Why was Tom considered a rude host by his visitors?2. How can you explain the fact that Tom is misunderstood when he actually wants to be kind and friendly to the visitors? Reading I Read the article of “What Is

4、Culture” (p39-43). What can you learn about culture from it? Please answer the questions followed: 1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can t

5、ry to satisfy the higher needs?Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41) Reading I4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment?6. What other

6、cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?Supplement: What is culture? Origins of Culture in English and Chinese“Culture” is a loan word from Latin meaning “

7、cultivating or tilling the land”. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic, educational and intellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained.Supplement: Wha

8、t is culture? Origins of Culture in English and Chinese“文化” is a native word in Chinese. “文” and “化” were used together in the Warring States. “人文” in “观乎人文，以化成天下” refers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends,

9、 and “化” means “changing and/or cultivating”. When used together, “文” and “化” mean “以文教化”. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with “nature” on one hand and “primitiveness” and “savage” on the other hand. So “文化” was originally associated with mental activiti

10、es. Supplement: What is culture? Definition of Culture in English and ChineseThe term “culture” does not correspond perfectly with “文化”. For examples:他没有文化(He is illiterate.)“What really binds men together is their culture- the ideas and the standards they have in common.” R. BenedictDefining Cultur

11、e from the Intercultural Perspective“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.” Bates and Plog Supplement: What is culture?There are altogether no less than 250 definitions of culture by schol

12、ars from several different fields. Despite so, almost all scholars agree that culture has two senses: the broad sense and the narrow sense.A. Culture in its broad senseCulture is the attribute of man, or, whatever distinguishes man from the rest part of the world is culture. Based on this, Prof. Lin

13、 Dajin provides a Chinese counterpart definition: 文化是人类区别于文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征动物的综合特征. Supplement: What is culture? It may include the following components:Materials man has got to satisfy his needs, including science and technology, such as space shuttles, airplanes, and cars;Social institutions and org

14、anizations man has established, including socioeconomic institutions, politico-legal institutions, and religious organizations;Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development, including various subjects such as mathematics and education, and artistic forms such as literature, paintin

15、g, music and dance;Language and other communication systems such as gestures and facial expressions;Customs, habits and behavioral patterns;Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns.Supplement: What is culture?Culture in this sense is also called “large C

16、 culture” or academic culture or culture with a big C(大写字母的文化). Its culture in general, culture of all nationalities and ethnic groups. But we know there are specific cultures such as Chinese, American and British. According to this sense, specific culture can be defined (by Prof. Lin Dajin) as the

17、comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation, a race or any section of people) of people from another (一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征). Supplement: What is culture?Culture in its narrow sense Its called “small c culture” or anthropological culture or culture with a small c (小写字母的文化). It can

18、be defined as life way of a population, Culture in this sense emphasizes what characterizes the way of life of a people, including components , , , and , with components , , and as the central part.Some scholars are interested in “large C culture” while others in “small c culture”, depending on the

19、purpose of investigation. We shall focus on culture in its narrow sense. Sharing Knowledge (p45-48) Read the article on page 45-48. From this article, we can learn there are three characteristics of culture coherent, learned, the view of a group of people; and there are three things culture does cul

20、ture ranks what is important (or cultures teach values or priorities), culture furnishes attitudes, and culture dictates how to behave. Sharing Knowledge (p45-48)Culture is what we share with some but not with all other people; it is common to people belonging to a certain group or category, but dif

21、ferent from people belonging to other groups or categories. In our life, culture is everywhere and determines how we usually behave. It includes the language in which we express ourselves, the way we raise our children, the deference we show to our elders, the physical distance from other people we

22、maintain in order to feel comfortable, and the way we perceive general human activities such as eating, making love, having a conversation, forming a friendship with someone, etc. and the ceremonials surrounding them. Properties of CultureIt is human specific.It is a social phenomenon (contrast betw

23、een society and nature). It is the embodiment of human knowledge, skill and cooperative labor. It is a national phenomenon for each nation has its own culture.It is a historical phenomenon. Each culture has some history and each generation contributes to it. But culture wont necessarily remain the s

24、ame.It is general and abstract. Fill-in Task (p 44-45) Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight. The part of the cultural iceberg that is above the water is easy to be noticed. The other part that is hidden below the water and is outside of conscious awareness.

25、It is sometimes called “deep culture”. But what are the things in a culture that can be said to be above or below the water within or out of our awareness? The Structure of Culture The Structure of CultureReading II Decide whether the following are examples of communications or not? Why? 1)You compl

26、ain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone.2) Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille.3) A German businessman negotiates, through an interpreter, with his Chinese counterpart. 4) A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing cow.5) A programmer issues commands to a computer

27、.6) Tom talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun.7) You send an e-mail message to an American friend.8) Jane lies in bed reading a novel. Reading IIThe Basics of Communication: Communication occurs if: 1. two or more people; 2. contact; 3. a shared language; 4. an exchange of information. Read

28、ing IIRead the article of “Elements of Communication”. What are the elements of communication? 1. Context: four aspects (the physical setting, historical aspect, psychological aspect, culture aspect)2. Participants: three variables (relationship, gender, culture)3. Messages: meanings, symbols, encod

29、ing and decoding.4. Channels: the method used to deliver a message (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these)5. Noise (干扰): a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise, internal noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.6.

30、Feedback: the response of a receiver to a senders message Supplement:What Is Communication? There are altogether 126 definitions of communication. Among them the most accepted one defined by L. A. Samovar, et al.Definition:“Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds

31、 to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person.” - L. A. Samovar, et al Supplement:What Is Communication? A few key points about this definition: The behavior includes verbal behavior and non-verbal behavior. For example, you meet an acquaintance in the street. You smile and nod t

32、o each other without uttering a word. Then your behavior is non-verbal, and your communication is also non-verbal. So according to this, communication can be divided into verbal communication and non-verbal communication.Supplement:What Is Communication? As to the meaning of “behavior residue, here

33、is an example. You leave a note before you go out, and your roommate sees it when coming back and will make certain response. Then this note is your behavior residue. In this case, whether your roommate does something about or just ignores the note, as long as he receives the note, communication hap

34、pens, but it is non-simultaneous. Therefore, communication can also be divided into simultaneous communication and non-simultaneous communication.Supplement:What Is Communication? A behavior, whether intentional or unintentional, conscious or unconscious, once is received, communication occurs. For

35、example, when you are giving a speech, you may blush (unintentional) or repeat the same movement (unconscious), which gives your audience a message that you are nervous. Feedback is not a prerequisite of communication. So there may be one-way communication. Hu Wenzhong of Beijing Foreign Studies Uni

36、versity once said translation is in fact a kind of (intercultural) communication, because when one is translating, one is in fact communication interculturally with the writer of the original work. In deed, written translation is in most cases one-way communication. Communication Types based on symb

37、ols used: verbal and non-verbal based on media: direct and indirect based on feedback: two-way and one-way based on numbers of the sources and responders: one/group-to-one and one/group-to-group based on set responder: directed and non-directed based on the sources intention: intentional and uninten

38、tional based on the responders activeness: active and passive based on time: simultaneous and non-simultaneousCharacteristics of Communication Communication is symbolic (象征的,符号的). Communication is interpretive (阐释的,解释的). Communication is transactional (相互作用的). Communication is contextual (与语境有关的). C

39、ommunication is a process. Communication involves shared meanings.Essentials of Human Communication (p68-73)Communication is dynamic. It is an on-going, ever-changing activity. We are sure to be influenced by others message, whether gradually or radically.Communication is symbolic: Symbols are centr

40、al to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. Peoples behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and

41、 internal states. Essentials of Human Communication (p68-73)Communication is systemic: Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Setting and environment help determine the

42、 words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.It involves making inferences.It has a consequence.Communication is complex.Matching Task (p57)Match each of what the first speaker says on the left with what the second speaker says on the righ

43、t to form a dialogue that will make sense, and then decide what is possibly meant by the second speaker in the dialogue. 1 J2 F 3 A 4 G 5 I6 H7 B8 C9 D10 EIdentifying Difference (p58)Read the passage of “Communicating or Communicating Effectively” and try to explain why we sometimes find it very dif

44、ficult to communicate effectively with others, and then suggest what we can do about it. Identifying Difference (p58)There are many factors that will probably contribute to ineffective communication.Linguistically, ones familiarity with the language used in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, senten

45、ce patterns, etc. will to a large extent determine whether or not one can communicate effectively with the other. Culturally, ones knowledge of the people with whom one is communicating will also decide how effectively one can communicate with them. While communicating with someone who is culturally

46、 different, knowing much about the persons speech habits, modes of thinking and social customs will surely increase the possibility of mutual understanding.Identifying Difference (p58)One more thing that we should pay attention to is that people are inclined to look at issues from their own point of

47、 view, and therefore, they usually attach very different meanings to (or interpret) messages that they transmit to the other or receive from other. This will, more often than not, lead to misunderstanding in communication.If we want to improve our communication with others, we have to improve our ma

48、stery of the language(s) used for communication, to learn more about others and their culture(s), and to enhance our awareness of differences existing between people from various cultural backgrounds. It is also hopefully advised that we should try to put aside all the biases originally rooted in ou

49、r minds toward others who may be so culturally different from us and to show proper respect for their cultures no matter how strange they may appear to us. Case StudyCase 5 (Page 60) In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had

50、 every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But North American rules firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason, you do not insist on

51、offering alcohol. However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably this young Chinese nurse may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case StudyCase 6 (Page 61) When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speakers meaning and hearers meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said “How long is she going to stay?” she meant to say that if she knew how long her mo