英语学习小结

1、英语学习小结采购部钣内组： 廖建华 2016.07.01目录目录一、词汇一、词汇二、阅读二、阅读三、听力与口语三、听力与口语艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘规律艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘规律一、词汇（“无意义”独立性词汇）时间间隔时间间隔记忆量记忆量刚刚记忆完毕100.00%20分钟后58.20%1小时后44.20%8-9小时后35.80%1天后33.70%2天后27.80%6天后25.40%1个月后21.10%艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线记忆法艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线记忆法一、词汇（“无意义”独立性词汇）一、词汇（“有意义”关联性词汇）词根、词缀（英语的词根、词缀（英语的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）词根词根Hap：机会，幸运Happy：高兴，

2、幸福前缀前缀un：不，无形容词前表否定后缀后缀ness：构成抽象名词不变词义变词性unhappiness一、词汇（“有意义”关联性词汇）词根、词缀（英语的词根、词缀（英语的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）bar 阻碍阻碍barricade 路障barrel 桶barrier 关卡barrage 火力网barring 除之外barrister 诉讼律师embarrass 使尴尬embargo 禁止贸易debar 限制unbar 取消障碍disbar 取消律师资格em 使em 进入de 强调un 否定dis 取消i + cade + el i + er + age + ing + i + st 站 + er

3、人一、词汇（“有意义”关联性词汇）词根、词缀（英语的词根、词缀（英语的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）eg1. representativere - “回来” ；pre - “向前” ；sent -“发出去、派出去” ；a -“连接件”(隔离两个辅音字母t)；tive - “人” 。re-pre-sent-a-tive，就是“回来-向前-派出去-的人”，即“回来征求大家的意见后又被派出去替大家讲话的人” - “代表代表” eg2. psychologypsy=sci，-“知道”；cho - “心” ；lo -“说” ；gy - “学” ；logy -“学说”。psy-cho-logy就是“知道心的学说”

4、- “心理学心理学”一、词汇（“有意义”关联性词汇）词根、词缀（英语的词根、词缀（英语的“偏旁部首偏旁部首”）eg3. proliferatepro -“向前”、“多”；lifer=fer -“生命”、“带来”；ate - 表动词。pro-lifer-ate 就是“带来很多生命” -“繁殖繁殖”（激增激增）eg4. epitomizeepitome 梗概,缩影epi -“在后面”；tome 卷册 -“（一卷书后的）梗概”（tom切,割+e一卷一卷被切开）；ize -表动词。epitomize -“摘要，概括，成为摘要，概括，成为的缩影的缩影”二、阅读阅读：阅读： 接触英语、吸收语言材料，获得感

5、性认识的主要途径。“纲举目张纲举目张”主动带被动主动带被动阅读阅读听力听力口语口语写作写作二、阅读引例：引例： And for reasons I wont get into today, I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as“ broken”; and what I imagine to be her translation of he

6、r Chinese, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure. I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.断句（意群）：断句（意群）：（1）And fo

7、r reasons I wont get into today,（2）I began to write stories （3）using all the Englishes I grew up with: （4）the English she used with me, （5）which for lack of a better term might be described as “broken”,（6） and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal language,（7）and for that

8、 I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure.（8） I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: （9） her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.二、阅读And for reasons I wont get into today, I began to write st

9、ories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as“ broken”; and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chin

10、ese structure. I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show: her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.译本译本1（out of the context）：）：而对于原因，我不会到今天，我开始写故事，用所有的英语，我从小一起长大的：英语，她用在我身上，这对于缺乏一个更好的词可以被描述为“破”，就是我想象是她的翻译她的中国人，她的内部语言，和我寻求保护的本质，但既不是英语也不是

11、中国的结构。译本译本2（in the context）：）：由于某些原因，我现在不再投入了。我开始写故事时用了我会的所有英文，她用的英语在我看来，缺少好的词条来描述如“打破的”这样的词，因此我会表达它的意思，但是不论英语还是汉语结构，我想找到语言测试所不及的，它的意图，它的感觉，它的语言的韵律和她的想法的规律。二、阅读目录目录1、意群划分、意群划分2、推理判断、推理判断3、寻找段落的主题句、寻找段落的主题句4、词义推测、词义推测5、大量广泛阅读、大量广泛阅读二、阅读1、意群划分（各类阅读法的、意群划分（各类阅读法的“语法语法”基础）基础） 意群意群可以有一个单词、词组或短语组成，也可以由一个从

12、句或一定的语法结构组成。一定的语法结构包括：（1）先行词+定于从句；（2）名词+同位语从句；（3）被修饰词+后置定语；（4）动名词的复合结构；（5）动词不定式的复合结构；（6）动宾结构等。eg.An expert on dreams may find that a struggle to climb a hill means that we are afraid of failing to reach our goal.An expert on dreams/ may find that /a struggle to climb a hill /means that/ we are afrai

13、d of/ failing to reach our goal.二、阅读2、推理判断、推理判断定义：定义：通过文章所含信息之间的相互联系，结合文章内容的背景和自身的阅读经验，进行归纳推理，做出合理判断，从而扥出符合逻辑的正确结论。推理内容：推理内容：（1）文章主题（topic）（2）作者的观点态度（opinion and attitude）（3）上下文的逻辑关系（logical relationship）知识能力储备：知识能力储备：（1）语法知识（2）逻辑能力（3）常识经验（文化背景知识） 阅读的阅读的“图式图式”理论架构理论架构二、阅读2、推理判断、推理判断（1）文章主题（）文章主题（top

14、ic） 中心大意中心大意：标题、主题段、主题句标题标题：文章内容的高度提炼；文体文体：依写作目（提供或获取信息、抒发感情、说明事实、说服他人相信或做某事）；的确定（正式/非正式、记叙、描写、说明、议论等）（2）作者的观点态度（）作者的观点态度（opinion and attitude）观点观点：措辞（wording）、文体（style）、结构（structure）态度态度（同意、反对、同情、理解、讽刺等） ：语义（semantics）、语气（mood）、语调（tone） 二、阅读2、推理判断、推理判断（3）上下文的逻辑关系（）上下文的逻辑关系（logical relationship）信号词（

15、信号词（signal words）：连接上下文表并列：and, or, in addition, beside, eitheror, neithernor, as well as表因果：so, since, as for, therefore, as a result, because, due to, owing to表比较：similarly, likewise, on the contrary, in contrast to, rather than表转折：but, yet, although, nevertheless, ironically, 表条件：if, unless, even

16、 if, with / without / under in conditions表假设、怀疑：perhaps, maybe表强调：actually, really, by no means, by all means 表重述：namely, for example, that is, such as表总结：generally(speaking), finally, consequently, at the end of my word, above all, at last, (all)in all, in a word 二、阅读3、寻找段落的主题句、寻找段落的主题句（1）主题句的特点）主题

17、句的特点概括性强（意）常为短句（形）其他句子解释、支撑主题句（构）（2）主题句的位置分布特点）主题句的位置分布特点位于段首：主要主要形式（英美人士的思维表达方式的特点：由果到因，由小到大，先概括后分解，先表态后论（英美人士的思维表达方式的特点：由果到因，由小到大，先概括后分解，先表态后论述，先总结后事例，先整体后细节。他们的思维模式为述，先总结后事例，先整体后细节。他们的思维模式为一般具体型一般具体型。）。）I strongly believe that its in the interests of my country that China should remain an active

18、and energetic power in global economic matters 在全球经济事务中，中国应继续保持一个积极而允满活力的力量，我坚信这符合我国利益。 二、阅读（主题句在（主题句在段首段首的示例的示例1）二、阅读主题句在主题句在段首段首的示例的示例2 Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the same background. Jane was born and raised in the West, and so was Karen. Next, both

19、girls are interested in the same kinds of subjects in school. Jane like French, history and English. In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history and English. Furthermore, both girls want to be teachers. Jane plans to become an elementary school teacher. But Karen wants to be a high school teacher.

20、 As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.二、阅读位于段中：典型段落结构：提出问题/摆现象主题陈述细节/合乎逻辑的引申 The officers of most doctors today are overloaded with people who are convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. At the first sign of pain they run to a doctor, failing to realize the pain

21、is rarely an indication or poor health. We are becoming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs who regard the slightest ache as a searing ordeal. Instead of attacking the most common causes of pain such as tension, worry, boredom, frustration, insufficient sleep, overeating, poor diets, smokin

22、g, or excessive drinking, too many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillersaspirins, barbiturates, codeine, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other desensitizing drugs. 二、阅读位于段末：段落典型结构：问题1/现象1问题n/现象n总结 Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good m

23、anners differ from country to country. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners

24、that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.二、阅读4、词义推测、词义推测定义定义：根据上下文或者文章的前后关系，利用定义、重述

25、、举例、对比、举例、构词法和逻辑推理等方式推断单词的意思。eg.(1) The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cant fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch fish.But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.Doctors sugg

26、ested that everyone should exercise every day, especially those who spend hours in sedentary activities such as reading, typing or sewing.He is very dependable, but his brother is untrustworthy.Im illiterate about such things.He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.注意：注意

27、： 专注于关键词 对生词有笼统的认识即可 借助语法、标点、语言符号理解文意二、阅读5、大量、广泛阅读、大量、广泛阅读（1）数量多）数量多（2）范围广）范围广熟悉阅读模式熟悉阅读模式词汇、短语、句法的强化和活学活用词汇、短语、句法的强化和活学活用扩充背景知识扩充背景知识阅读资料推荐：阅读资料推荐：1、金山词霸“悦读”精选（双语；内容广泛，紧随热点话题）2、 英文原版书籍分级阅读http:/ Economist）、商业周刊（Business Week）等三、听力与口语Find where its already happening and identify the principles that

28、works.- ModellingMeaningAttentionRelevanceMemory5 Principles7 Actionsfrom“TED”三、听力与口语5 PrinciplesFocus on language that is relevant to you.Use the language as a tool to communicate from day 1.When you first understand the message you will unconsciously acquire the language. -Language comprehension :

29、 not knowledge but physiological training(4) Talking takes face muscle.(5) Learn in a happy-relaxed psycho-physiological state.三、听力与口语7 ActionsListen a lot - “brain soaking”Use your body language.Start mixing. (Language is a creative process.)Concentrate on the “core”. (3000 key words)Get a language

30、 “parent” .Works to understand what youre saying. Does not correct mistakes. Confirms understanding by using correct language. Uses words the learner knows.(6) Copy the face. (7) Direct connect to mental images. “flood”洪水；淹没洪水；淹没 三、听力与口语多听，多说，熟悉英语的语言环境；多听，多说，熟悉英语的语言环境；多积累，多总结，并尝试多积累，多总结，并尝试“创造性创造性”表

31、达！表达！1、入门听力、入门听力中国国际广播电台（China Radio International）英语标准流利，内容广泛，但词汇较简单，语速适中。2、习惯听发音地道的常速英语、习惯听发音地道的常速英语 掌握正常会话中的同化（assimilation），减弱（reduction），连音（liaison）等发音习惯和规律。 eg. “American Accent Training” The American Speech Music P18 ；CD 1 Track 4 03:20 Variable Stress P27 ； CD 1 Track 20 Squeezed-Out Syllabl

32、es P30 ； CD 1 Track 30 Word Connections P65 ； CD 2 Track 36 三、听力与口语3、官方材料的严肃性、官方材料的严肃性 VS 日常表达的生动性日常表达的生动性“听得懂官方材料（正规论述文或说明文），听不懂美剧（日常口语）说啥！” WHY？ 地道口语：惯用法、流行语（俚语）以及英美文化背景知识惯用法、流行语（俚语）以及英美文化背景知识4、唱歌学英语、唱歌学英语目的：轻松愉快地练习发音（pronunciation），语调（intonation）和节奏（rhythm）。歌曲选择：童谣 - 抒情歌曲（语言优美，语法正规）练习方式：“歌词朗读+跟唱+

33、伴唱+录音比较+纠音”5、看美剧、英文电影学英语、看美剧、英文电影学英语推荐：与日常生活比较贴近、故事情节较强的影视材料。注意：不要过度依赖字幕。6、情景再现练习、情景再现练习（输出与巩固，（输出与巩固，“说说”）“enjoy self-directing and acting” or “ You need a partner”三、听力与口语语言表达的丰富性与创造性语言表达的丰富性与创造性eg1：call a spade a spade ( speak ones mind, put things bluntly )短语来源：短语来源： 古希腊谚语：”to call figs figs, and

34、 a tub a tub”，即“无花果就是无花果，浴盆就是浴盆”，意指直言不讳。 但是后来学者伊拉兹马斯在写自己的书Adagia（一本介绍希腊和拉丁谚语由来的合集）时，用”spade”这个词代替了”tub”这个词，从此以后，这个短语渐渐固定下来，并开始流行开来。对比： Frankly speaking, the man is a liar.Lets call a spade a spade. The man is a liar. 三、听力与口语语言表达的丰富性与创造性语言表达的丰富性与创造性eg2： take the wind out of ones sails (Make sb completely discredited or at a disadvantage)短语来源：短语来源： 这个习惯用语的出典是故意用自己的船去挡敌船的风。敌船上的帆吃不到风，速度当然就会减慢。实例： T