Chapter 6上Voice and mood语态和语气

1、现代英语语法现代英语语法 Chapter 6 Voice and mood 语态和语气语态和语气(上上)Rokey.7.14 Chapter preview This chapter deals with voice and mood and in particular with passive voice and subjunctive mood. 本章重点是语态和语气尤其是被动语态和虚拟语气。 Technical terms voice 语态 mood 语气 voice constraint 语态制约 semantic constraint 语义制约 stylistic constrain

2、t 文体制约 pseudo-passive 假被动 subjunctive mood 虚拟语气 be-subjunctive. be动词虚拟语气 . 6.0 Introduction Tense: present and past(现在和过去) Aspect: completed and incompleted (完成/未完成) Voice: active and passive(主动和被动) Mood: indicative, imperative, subjunctive (陈述语气，祈使语气，虚拟语气) 6.1 Passive voice 被动语态被动语态 许多动作涉及两个人或事物: A

3、gent: one that performs the action. 施事：动作发出者 Recipient: one that is affected by the action. 受事：动作的承受者 语态是叙述事件的角度不同而产生的：主动语态的主语是施事，被动语态的主语是受事。 eg: The cat ate the fish. The fish was eaten by the cat. 6.1.1 Be-passive, get-passive and pseudo-passive 1.be-passive(最常见最常见) 被动语态的构成： 1.一般现在时：am/is/are + v.

4、pp(过去分词) 2.一般过去时：was/were + v.pp 3.一般将来时：will be(原形) + v.pp 4.现在进行时：am/is/are +being +v.pp 5.过去进行时：was/were + being + v.pp 6.现在完成时：has/have been + v.pp 7.过去完成时：had been + v.pp 8.情态动词被动语态：should/could/would be + v.pp 口诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。 1.English is spoken by many people. 2.This building was built 2

5、 years ago. 3.This building will be built next year. 4.This building is being built by the workers recently. 5.This building was being built at that time. 6.This building has being built since last year. 7.This huilding had being built before I left here. 2.get-passive(了解了解) 通常跟动态动词连用,强调事件结果。 eg: Th

6、e child were/got punished. 3.pseudo-passive 假被动假被动 A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning.(P146倒数第二段) 假被动句形式上是被动的，但意义上是主动的。 eg: I am interested in this book.(句型be interested in) You look tired. (主系表) 6.1.2 Voice constraints 语态制约语态制约 voice constraints: grammatical, semanti

7、c and stylistic. 语态制约，简单说就是语态选择的一些限制条件。 1.不及物动词没被动语态,部分及物动词也没被动语态。 eg: 不可以说： An accident was happened to me. I have a lot of friend. 不可以说: A lot of friend are had by me. 类似的词有: fit, flee, have, get, lack,let, suit, survive等（P147中间部分，语法制约1） 2.主语未知或者没必要提及，此时省略施事。 eg: It is rumoured that he was a teach

8、er. (主语未知) 有传言说他以前是老师。 This house was built ten years ago.(没必要提及) 3.若及物动词后的宾语是反身代词,相互代词,无被动语态 eg: I treated myself a big meal yesterday. 昨天我请自己大吃了一顿。 They will love each other. 4.当宾语是从句时，没有被动语态 eg: He said that Lucy had left Beijing. 5.若在believe,say,know,report 等引导的that/whether从句中，可用It is believed (

9、said, known, reported) that (whether)的被动句型 eg: It is said that he was a teacher.据说他曾经是老师。 注意：系动词没有被动语态，通常是主动表示被动。 eg: The music sounds great. 这个音乐听起来太棒了。 6.1.3 By-phrase 被动语态可以不用提及施事：被动语态可以不用提及施事： 1.施事未知，难以确定施事未知，难以确定 eg: She was killed last night. 2.没必要提及施事没必要提及施事 eg: This house was built ten years

10、 ago. 3.隐藏施事身份，疏远距离隐藏施事身份，疏远距离 eg:Air attacks were carried out in this city last night. 昨晚这座城市进行了空袭。 如果要在被动语态中提及施事被动语态中提及施事，则使用by短语，此时则是强调施事。 eg: Who wrote this book? This book was writen by LuXun. 6.1.4 Passive voice of multi-word verbs 多词动词的被动语态 常见的多词动词有：动词+介词，动词+副词. 无论是哪种搭配，无论是哪种搭配，被动语态只通过动词的形式表现

11、。被动语态只通过动词的形式表现。 eg: They finally arrived at the conclusion. = Finally, the conclusion was arrived at by them. 他们最终得出这个结论。 Someone has turn off the light. = The light has being turn off by someone. 6.1.5 Passive voice of non-finite verbs 非谓语动词的被动语态非谓语动词的被动语态 非谓语动词：动词不定式，非谓语动词：动词不定式，v-ing, v-ed 牢记：牢记：被动语态只通过动词的形式表现。被动语态只通过动词的形式表现。 eg: She expects to be praised.(expect to do) She enjorys being praised.(enjoy doing) 这两句话的非谓语动词逻辑主语和句子主语一致。 若非谓语动词逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，如下： eg: She expects h