学术英语社科Unit5五单元原文及翻译

1、UNIT 5Sociology Matters1. Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic charact

2、eristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。它包括思想，价值观， 习俗，和人群的文物。尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些 共同的基本特性。此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术， 商业，艺术成就相互影

3、响。Cultural universals 文化共性2. All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people's need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George

4、murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。事 实上，许多文化的共性是为了满足人类基本需求的适应性，如人们所需要的食品，住房， 和服装。人类学家乔治默多克编制了一份文化清单，包括体育运动，烹饪，葬礼仪式， 医学，和性的限制。3. The cultural practices listed by Murdock may

5、 be universal,but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture.For example,one society may let its members choose their own marriage partners.Another may encourage marriages arranged by the parents.默多克上市的文化习俗可能是普遍的，但是他们的表达方式因文化的不同而不同。 例如，一个社会可以让其成员选择自己的婚姻伴侣。另一个可能鼓励父母包办的婚姻。4.

6、 Not only does the expression of cultural universals vary from one society to another,it may also change dramatically over time within a society. Each generation ,and each year for that matter,most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion. 不仅是从一个社会到另一个社会文化普遍

7、性表达的变化，它也可能在一个社会中随着时 间的推移发生巨大的变化。对于这个问题每一代人和每年，大多数人的文化通过创新与 扩散过程改变和扩大。Innovation 创新5. The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture is known as innovation. Innovation interests sociologists becauseof the potential social consequencesof introducing something new. There are two forms of

8、 innovation: discovery and invention. A discovery involves making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality.The finding of the DNA molecule and the identification of a new moon of Saturn are both acts of discovery.A significant factor in the process of discovery is the sharing of newf

9、ound knowledge with others.By contrast,an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.The bow and arrow ,the automobile,and the Internet are all examples of inventions.介绍一个新的想法或对象到一个文化的过程称为创新。社会学家对创新感兴趣因为 介绍新东西的潜在的社会后果。创新主要有两种形式：发现和发明。发现涉及已知的或 共享

10、的现实的某些方面的事物。 DNA 分子的发现和新的土星的卫星识别都是发现的两种 行为。发现过程的一个标志是新知识与他人分享。相比之下，当现有的文化项目组合成 的一种形式，这种没有存在过时一个发明产生。弓和箭，汽车，和互联网是所有发明的 例子。Globalization,diffusion,and technology 全球化，传播，和技术6. The familiar green Starbucks logo beckons you into a comfortable coffee shop where you can order decaf latte and a cinnamon rin

11、g.What 's unusual about that?This Starbucks happens to be located in the heart of Beijing 's Forbidden City,just outside the Palace of Heavenly Purity,former residence of Chinese emperors.In 2002 it was one of 25 Starbucks stores in China: four years later there were more than 90. The succes

12、s of Starbucks in a country in which coffee drinking is still a novelty(most Chinese are tea drinkers ) has been striking.熟悉的绿色星巴克标志召唤你在舒适的咖啡店，你可以喝无咖啡因咖啡和肉桂环。 有什么特别的呢？这个星巴克是坐落在北京的故宫， 在乾清宫，中国皇帝的故居。在 2002 年它是在中国 25 星巴克店之一：四年后，星巴克店就超过 90。在一个国家中喝咖啡还是 一个新鲜事物(大多数中国人是喝茶的) ，星巴克的成功已经打击。7. The emergence of St

13、arbucks in China illustrates a rapidly escalating trend called globalization. Globalization may be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. While public discussion of globalization is relat

14、ively recent, intellectuals have been pondering its social consequences for a long time.Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels warned in The Communist Manifesto of a world market that would lead to production in distant lands ,sweeping away existing working relationships.Today,more and more cultural express

15、ions and practices are crossing national borders,transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. Sociologists use the term“diffusion ”to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.Diffusion can occur through a variety of

16、means ,among them exploration,military conquest, missionary work, the influence of the mass media , tourism, and the Internet.星巴克在中国的出现说明了一个快速上升的趋势称之为全球化。全球化可以定义为政府的政策，文化，社会运动，并通过贸易和交流思想的金融市场的全球一体化。虽然全球化的公开讨论是相对较新，知识分子一直在思考其很长一段时间的社会后果。卡尔 马克思和弗里德里希恩格斯警告说，在世界市场的共产党宣言，在遥远的将来产生的结 果是清除现有的工作关系。今天，越来越多的文化

17、表现形式和实践是跨越国界，将接触 到他们的社会习俗。社会学家用“扩散”是指通过这样一个过程，文化项目已经从组到 组或社会。扩散可以通过多种方式发生，其中勘探，军事征服，传教，大众传媒的影响， 旅游，和互联网。8.Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization ”to describe the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society,both

18、 in the United States and throughout the world.For example.hair salons and medical clinics now take walk-in appointments. In Hong Kong,sex selection clinics offer a menu of items, from fertility enhancement to methods of increasing the likelihood of producing a child of the desired sex.社会学家乔治瑞泽尔杜撰了一

19、个术语“麦当劳化” ，通过它的快餐店的原则来主宰社 会某些领域描述的过程中，无论是在美国和世界各地。为 example.hair 沙龙和医疗诊所， 现在需要预约的预约。在香港，选择性别诊所提供的菜单，从肥力的提高来增加生产所 需的性别的孩子的可能性的方法。9.McDonaldization is associatedwith the melting of cultures ,so that we see more and more similarities in cultural expression.In Japan,for example,African entrepreneurs hav

20、e found a thriving market for hip-hop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. In Austria,the McDonald 's organization itself has drawn on Austrians'love of coffee,cake,and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. Many critical observers believe that McDonaldization and

21、globalization serve to dilute the distinctive aspects of a societ'ys culture.麦当劳化与文化相关的熔化，使我们看到在文化表达更多的相似之处。在日本，例 如，非洲的企业家有一个蓬勃发展的市场嘻哈时尚的美国青少年推广。在奥地利，麦当 劳的组织本身已经对奥地利人喜欢咖啡，蛋糕，和会话创建麦咖啡连锁快餐店。许多关 键的观察家认为，麦当劳化和全球化为稀的独特方面的社会文化。10.Some societies try to protect themselves from the invasion of too much c

22、ulture from other countries, especially the economically dominant United States. The Canadian government, for example,requires that 35 percent of a station 's daytime radio programming be devoted to Canadian songs or artists.In Brazil, a toy manufacturer has eclipsed Barbie's popularity by d

23、esigning Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls.Susi has a slightly smaller chest,much wider thights,and darker skin than Barbie.Her wardrobe includes the skimpy bikinis favored on Brazilian braches as well as a soccer shirt honoring the Brazilian team.According to the toy company's m

24、arketing director, “We wanted Susi to be more Latin,more voluptuous. We Latins appreciate those attributes.”Brazilians seem to agree:Five Susi dolls are sold for every two Barbies.一些国家试图保护自己免受其他国家太多文化的入侵，特别是经济上占统治地位的 美国。例如，加拿大政府，要求一个站的日间广播节目百分之 35 致力于加拿大歌曲或艺 术家。在巴西，一个玩具制造商已经超过了芭比娃娃的普及，通过设计一个洋娃娃，苏 西，

25、看起来更像巴西女孩苏西。一个稍小的胸部，更广泛的thights，皮肤比芭比黑暗。她的衣柜包括紧身比基尼青睐巴西分支以及足球球衣纪念巴西队。根据玩具公司的营销 总监，“我们希望苏西更拉丁，更性感。我们拉丁人欣赏的那些属性。 ”巴西人似乎都同 意：五苏西的每两个芭比娃娃的销售。11.Technology in its many forms has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. Sociologist Gerhard Lenski has d

26、efined technology as“cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires”.Today's technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.在它的许多形式的技术增加了文化传播的速度和扩大文化元素的分布。社会学家格哈德伦斯基定义为“文化信息技术如何应用环境的物质资源来满足人的需要和愿望。 “今天的科技发展，不再需要等待在限制流通期刊出版。新闻发布会，往往同时进行，在互 联网上，现在小号的新发展。12.Sociologist William F.Ogburn made a useful distinction between the elements of material and nonmaterial culture. Material cult