环境生态学教学课件：Chapter 5-生态系统

1、Biological ProductionEnergy Flow Material Circulation Information Transfer7 . 3CkRp2.3 Material circulationConcepts 3.2 The Characteristics Of the Ecosystem BalanceCharacteristicsofbiologicalenergyFoodNetworkFeaturesThecharacteristicsofnutrientcyclingCharacteristicsofcommunityStructureSelectionpress

2、ureSteady-stateDynamicRelativeThebasicfeaturesoftheecosystembalanceisthemeasureindicatorThetotalproductionofecosystem(生态系统总生产量P)Communityrespiration(群落呼吸量R)Childhood,P/R1，Matureandstableeco-system, P/R approaching 1 P/R the best indicators refer to the relatively mature of ecological systems(1) Char

3、acteristics of biological energy ChildhoodFoodchainissimpleMatureandstableeco-system:Foodwebstructureisverycomplex,mostgothroughtherottenfoodchain.Thecomplexstructurehavegreaterresistance.（2） Food Network Features EcosystemBalancemaintainthenutrientsThemainnutrients,suchas：N、P、K、Ca(3) The characteri

4、stics of nutrient cycling Species Diversity Increase Complexity Nutrition Structure (4) Characteristics of community Volumeproductionischaracteristicofchildhoodecosystem.Qualityofproductionandfeedbackcontrolaresignsofmatureecosystems.(5) Selection pressure(6) Steady-state Keeponthestrengthenofnutrit

5、ion,greatresistance,largeamountofinformationandlowerentropy.3.3 Ecosystem Imbalance（1）Naturalfactors:Volcaniceruption,seachange,lightningfire,tsunamis,earthquakes,floodsandlandslides,aswellaschangesinthecrustandsoon.Thereasoncausetheecologicalimbalance.（2） Humanfactors:Pesticides,largequantitiesofpo

6、llutants,forestexploitation,grasslanddegradation,theconstructionofwaterconservancy.NaturalfactorsHumanfactorsDestructivelevelsSeriousandthoroughdestructioncloselyrelatedinthetimeandtheintensityTimelinessSuddenGradual,longeffectRegionalLocalLargeareaFrequencyRequencyisnothighCommonAffectSecondaryPrim

7、ary（3）ThedifferenceindamagingeffectsbetweenNaturalfactorsandhumanfactorsonecologicalbalance.The basic characteristics of the ecosystem imbalance (1)StructureofsignsWhentheexternalinterferenceisbigenough,itcancauseoneorseveralcomponentsoftheecosystemimpairment,andthiscausePrimaryStructureincomplete.W

8、henexternaldisturbancesarenotveryserious,theSecondaryStructureoftheecosystemchanged.TreefellingSlightlypollutedwater(2)FunctionofsignsEnergyflowdisruptedorinterruptedinnormalchannelsinacertainnutritionallevelofthesystemEnergyflowblockedtheprimaryproductivityandtheenergyconversionefficiencyreduceor“i

9、neffective”increase.Nutrientcyclingbreakingtherateofinputandoutputamongthelibrariesoutofproportionisthemainreasonofecosystemsimbalance.RedTideExcessiveamountofpollutantswhichexcessoftheself-purificationemissioncapacityintothewaterandaccumulateinthesystem3.4 The Mechanism Of Ecosystem BalanceTheabili

10、tyofmaintainingtheinternalstabilityBasicprinciples: MaterialcycleprotectionprinciplesContinuityProductionprotectionprinciples StructureprotectionprinciplesPrinciplesofecologicalbalanceInternalstabilitymechanismFeedbackmechanismPositivefeedback（正反馈）makesthesystemmoredeviatedfromthehomesite,soitcannot

11、maintainthesteady-state Biologicalgrowth,populationincreaseandsoonareallthepositivefeedback.Negativefeedback（负反馈）Usingitsowncapabilitiesinreducingthepressurewithinthesystemtomaintainsystemstability.Redundancy（后备力） referstothenumberofspecieswiththesameecologicalfunctionsinthebiologicalcommunity. Regu

12、lation of the Ecological BalanceResistance（抵抗力）isthecapacityoftheecosystemresistingtheoutsideinterferencetomaintainthestructureandthefuction. Complexstructure.Theabilitytoresistdroughtandpestsisstrong ComplexKoreanpineforestinChangbaiMountainecosystemsResilience（恢复力） isthecapacityoftheecosystemretur

13、ningtoorginalstatefromoutsideinterferencedamage Simpleecosystemhasstrongrestoringforcesbutlowresistance.BetweenthetwodottedlinesarethenormalscopeofthesystemThedegreeofdeviationaretheindicatorsinmeasuringtheresistanceofsystem.Thetimerequiredtoreturntothenormalrangeisthequantitativeindicatorsofsystem.

14、ResistanceandresiliencearetwoaspectsofecosystemstabilityEcologicalbalancethreshold(生态平衡阈值) Ecologicalbalancethresholdisthestrengthnotlossingtheregulationcapacityofecosystemsornotexceedingtherestoringforcefromtheinteferenceoroutsidedamagement. Thethresholdisrelatetothetypeofecosystems,thenature,waysa

15、nddurationofexternalinterferencefactors. 3.5 Establish the Optimization of Ecosystems Themainlyactivitieswhichdestroytheecologicalbalance.Attention:Therelationshipbetweenresourcesanddevelopment.Therelativebalancebetweensupplyanddemand.Maintainthebiologicalconstraintsrelationship.The Concept of Urban

16、 Ecosystem4.1The Features of Urban Ecosystems4.2Problems existing in the Urban Ecosystem 4.3Solutions4.44 Problems & Solutions in The Urban Ecosystem4.1 Urban ecosystem Urban ecosystemAspecialartificialecosystem,composingofcityresidentsandtheirenvironment,anatural-economic-societysystem.Itisnota

17、complete,self-stabilityecosystemSomecharacteristicsofnaturalecosystemsSomeprominentfeaturesunlikenaturalecosystems4.2 The features of Urban EcosystemsHumanityisthecoreoftheecosystemHugeamountofenergyflowandlogistics,withthehighdensityandfastturnaround.Process:MiningManufacturingTransportationUseWast

18、eCreatorConsumerControlandmanagementSimplyfoodchainandsmallcapacityofself-regulatingSpeciesdiversityStabilitydependsonthecapabilitiesandlevelofregulationofthesocio-economicsub-system.4.3 Problems existing in the UrbanEcosystem （1）Thedestructionofnaturalenvironment（2）Landoccupationandsoilchanges（3）Cl

19、imatechangesandairpollution（4）Watershortageandwaterpollution（5）Citynoise（6）PopulationdensityandwithGreenscarce（1）The destruction of natural environment ThedevelopmentofUrbanizationinevitablyaffectthenaturalenvironment.lConvenientlComfortablelivingconditionslDestroyThe birds on the stakesSoilchanges（

20、2） Land occupation and soil changes Landoccupation（4） Water shortage and water pollutionWatershortage ConstraintsoftheproblemWaterpollutionIndustrialwastewaterMetalmaterials,chemicals,paper （3） Air pollution（5） City noise（6）Population density and Green scarce 4.4 SolutionsUrbanairpollutionandecologi

21、calengineeringEcologicalplanningandassessmentCleanerproductionConstructionofurbangreenspaceUrbanwaterpollutionandEcologicalEngineeringDepurationThehealthcycleofurbanwaterUrbanNoiseecologicalengineeringAnti-vocalMunicipalsolidwastetreatmentanddisposalEnvironment-EconomicDevelopmentEcological Planning

22、 and AssessmentOptimizationschemeTheself-regulationSustainabledevelopmentAvoidtheurbanatmosphericenvironmenthazardwhichduestotheunreasonabledistributionandstructureConstruction of urban green spaceRegulatingtemperatureSoilandwaterconservationCleantheairBeautifytheurbanenvironmentMaintainCO2/O2balanc

23、eReduceatmosphericpollutionDepuration ThePlant-microbialwillreducethepollutionloadofpollutantandcontrolsewageinalimitrange,throughthedirectpurification,multi-channelpurification,artificialbeach,constructedwetlands,ecologicalengineeringpurificationsystem.WetlandsArtificialFloatingIslandThe health cyc

24、le of urban waterWatercyclesRespectforthenaturalmovementofwaterRationaluseofwaterresourcesscienceRecyclingofwastewaterpurificationSustainableuseofwaterresourcesChange:One-wayflow:WaterOutput-Users-EmissionsFeedbackprocess:Controlledwater-Output-Users-ReclaimedwaterTheHealthCycleofUrbanWaterSludgereturntolandIntegratedmanagementofwaterresourcesSaveWaterWastewaterTreatmentandUseRehabilitationofUrbanWaterInhibitionofstormwaterrunoffReductionofpeakflowReductionofurban-typeflooddisastersIndustrialwaterAgriculturalirrigationMunicipalwaterEcologicalwaterMaintaniandimprovesoilfertility,i