住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译2019-2020最新

1、住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译英文ExaminingtheroleofvaluemanagementincontrollingcostoverrunapplicationonresidentialconstructionprojectsinEgyptLailaKhodeira,AlaaGhandourAbstractActualcostofconstructionprojectsgenerallydiffersfromplannedcost,wherethiscouldreachavaluebetween21%and55%.InResidentialconstruction,costoverru

2、nsformacrucialproblem.AsuggestedmethodologytomitigatethisproblemisValueManagement(VM),whichhasproventobeaneffectiveapproach.Thus,themainobjectiveofthispaperistoexaminetheroleofVMinControllingCostOverrun,withspecialreferencetoResidentialProjectsinEgypt.Aliteraturereviewwasappliedonthebasicsofprojectc

3、ostimplementation.Inaddition,aqualitativeanalysisofcasestudieswasperformed.Finally,aquestionnairesurveythatassessedtheimpactofapplyingVEonResidentialprojectsinEgyptwasperformed.FindingsofthispaperhighlightedthevalueaddedfromapplyingMethodologiesofVM,whereitwasobservedthatitcouldachieve15-40%savingso

4、fthetotalprojectcost.Keywords:Costmanagement,ResidentialConstruction,Valuemanagement,CostoverrunIntroductionThecommonlyknowndefinitionoftheterm“ProjecCost“isthefinancialsumneededtoaccomplishtheproductionofconstruction-relatedproducts;forexample,buildings.Thecostofanybuildingcontractor-relatedproject

5、isarepresentationofallthoseitemsunderthenameof“expenditures”.Ingeneral,project'scostisdeterminedbyquantitativeassessmentsoftheexpectedsumamountofresourcesrequiredtoaccomplishallnecessaryactivities;labor,materials,supplies,etc.Thus,theproject'scostisallabouttheamountofcashthatistobepaidforthe

6、sakeofcompletionofallactivitiesconcerningthisparticularproject.Movingontocostoverrun,itcansimplybeestimatedbydividingthechangeinthecontractamountbythecontractawardamount.Therefore,CostOverrun?=?FinalActualCost?-?OriginalEstimatedBudgetCost.Itcanalsobedefinedas“excessofactualcostoverbudget”.CosOverru

7、nisalsoreferredtoas“CosEscalationCostncreaseor,“BudgetsOverrun”.Thispaperismainlyconcernedwithcontrolprocessesoftheconstructionprojectscostoverruns.ThemainobjectiveofthispaperisthustoexaminetheroleofValueManagement(VM)incontrollingsuchoverrun,withspecialreferencetoresidentialprojectsinEgypt.Inadditi

8、on,thepaperattemptstoidentifythedeterminantsandbasisofthetotalcostofimplementingsuchtypeofprojects,thatcanhelpinreducingthegapbetweentheestimated/plannedtimeandactualtimeandcostofresidentialconstructionalprojectsimplementation.Thispapersuggeststheusageofvaluemanagementapproachwhichisbasedonstructure

9、dstepsandphasesthatfinallyaimatreachingafairbalancingofcostandquality.Historically,valuemanagementemergedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaasaresultofrunningoutofmaterialsusedinmanufacturingduringWorldWarII.Mr.LawrenceMiles(founderofValueManagement,thenknownasValueAnalysis)ofGeneralElectricwashugelyresponsi

10、bleforthistechnique'screationin1942,andsincethenithasbeenapreferredmethodinawiderangeofindustries.Currently,theUSgovernmentandothercountriesastheUK,Australia,KSA,Japan,andKorearelyonthe“ValueManagement”amongothercountries,anditisexpectedthatsuchtechnologywillhaveavitalrolewithincapitalprojects.L

11、iteraturereviewThefirststeptowardsachievingtheaimofthisresearchisundergoingacomprehensiveliteraturereviewofrecentresearchesthatdealtwiththeconceptsofcostoverruns,ValuemanagementandthesignificanceofresidentialconstructionprojectsinEgypt.DefiningcostoverrunTheterm“CostOverrun“canbedefinedasthestatewhe

12、n:thefinalcostoftheprojectexceedstheoriginalestimatesnodoubtproventobeanessentialcomponenttoaccomplishanyproject'ssuccess,aswellasoneofthemostfactorsthatimpacttheproject'squality.Itisbelievedthatconstructionprojectsshouldbeexperiencinganincreaseofabout33%onaverage.Accordingtoacomprehensivere

13、searchthatwasperformedoncostoverrunsininternationalconstructionprojects,itwasdiscoveredthat9outof10projectshavepassedthepreviouslysetestimations,50T00%excesseswerepostulatedtobecommonandhadaconstantfor70/yearsthroughwhichdatawasavailable.Inmostdevelopingcountries,thetrendisdifferent;attimesprojectsr

14、eachasmuchasa100%ofcostvariance.Lowqualitymaterialsmighthaveaclearimpactonconstructioncost,evenhigherthantheexpected/estimated,whichismainlycausedbymateriallossduringtheimplementationprocess.Thisproblems,andothersaretheresultantoflackofstandardsthatcouldmitigatecostoverrunanddecreaseconstructioncost

15、s,causingmanyconstructionfirmstofail.Therefore,thedevelopmentofanaccuratecostmanagementstrategyisessential,moreover,theapplicationofthestrategyof,“ProactiveCostManagement"jectmanagement'slifecycleisOneofthemostimportantandlargelyimpactingfactorsintheCost”;itcanbeconsi

16、deredasadriveroftheprojectsuccess.Asidefromitspreviouslyprovedvitality,itisveryredundanttowitnessthefailureofaproject'sobjectiveachievementwithinthepreviouslysetcost.Costdeviationfromtheinitialplanisdominatinginmostconstructionprojectsites.However,therewerenotenougheffortsexertedtoeliminatethisp

17、rovedphenomenon.Inthecomingpartofthisresearchattemptstocloselystudy,search,identifyandestimatetheimportanceofdifferentfactorsthatcouldaffectcostdeviationandvariancewithinEgyptianresidentialprojectsaccordingtotheirimpactandimportancerespectively;italsoofferspossiblemethodologiestogetalongwiththisvast

18、spreadphenomenon.ResidentialprojectsinEgyptOneofthemostcurrentactiveindustriesintheEgyptianeconomyistheconstructionindustry,astheresidentialunitscontinuetogrowrapidlytocopewiththeexpansionofthepopulationinEgypt.Thecompositionofthecountry'spopulationisoneofthemostaggressivecontributorstotheboomin

19、gofthiskindofprojects.Constructionprojectsconsistofcomplexoperationsthatcannotbepredicted.Itisaswellveryscarcetofindunchangedconstructionprojectsintermsofdifferentaspectsoftheprocess.This,ofcourse,leadstoquiteanoticeablevariationorders,whichinturncausescostoverrun,timedelay,qualitydefectsandotherneg

20、ativeimpacts.Moreover,theyleadaswelltotheuncertaintyofflowprocessesandtheincreaseofnon-value-addingprocesseswhichreducethevalueoftheoutput.DefinitionofvaluemanagementmethodologyTodefinetheVMmethodology,itcouldbedescribedasastructuredandsystematicmethodologywhichimprovesprojects'end-productsandac

21、tivities.ThemainfunctionofVMmethodologyistoanalyzeproductschangesinconstructionanddesignprojects.Inthemeanwhile,managementprocessesaswellasbusinesshelptoequilibratetasksthatarenecessary,alongwithcostandotherresourcesneededtoaccomplish.Tosumup,“ValueMethodology”isthefoundationof“ValueAnalysi“ValueMan

22、agement”and“ValueEngineering"a.ValueanalysisisasystemofthinkingbasedonthefunctionofIdentifyingandeliminatingallunnecessarycostswhilemaintainingalltypesofqualityinanyindustry,constructionorserviceoranywherethedollarisspent:'“ValueEngineeringisamanagementtechniqueinstalledusingastructuredappr

23、oachtofindthebestfunctionalbalancebetweenlostreliabilityandproductperformanceorenterprisesearchprogramstoimprovemanagementcapacityofpeopleandpromotegradualchangebyidentifyingandtransferringunnecessarycosts”.The“ValueEnginemethodologyformulatedbySAVE'susageisnotwide-spreadinEgypt,awingtothefactth

24、attheorganizationsarenotawareofitanddonanefforttounderstanditproperly.Theriskistakenbypractitionersthemselves,astheirmainaimistoreducecost,soothercomponentfunctionsgetaffectedaswell.Inaddition,creativealternativesdonotseemtobeprovidedduetothecompositionofteamsthatarenon-coordinated,althoughtheformul

25、ationofteamsdetermineswhethervalueengineeringistosucceedorfail.AnalysisoftheapplicationofVMonresidentialprojectsexamplesInformationphaseinthisphase,TheVMteamleaderhaspreparedacostmodelfromtheassessedcostprovidedbytheproject'steam.Themodelisbeneficialintheidentificationofthemajorconstructiontrade

26、categories,theestimatedcostthatwillberequiredbythedesigner,andfinallythetotalprojectcostforsignificantcostitems'percentage.Bytheendofthisphase,thecostdriversalreadyhaveaclearvisionfortheprojectbycostmodelsandcontinuetoguidetheVMteamduringtheVMstudy.Intheanalyzedexampleprojects,theVMteamhadspecif

27、icobservationsregardingprojectscosts.Theseincludetheimportanceofproducingagenericstudyregardingtheproject'selementsasawholeandtheircostratiotothatofthewholeproject,sothatthecostofeachitemisrecordedandalldataregardingthisprojectisdetailed.Withinthisstage,reviewingofthedrawingsassociatedwithquanti

28、tiesandqualitytableswerenecessarilycheckedin.Inaddition,thedeterminationoftheeffectofeachitemonthebusinesstotalcostshouldbeperformed.Finally,theitemswithgreatimpactshouldbedeterminedandenteredintrialsofevaluation.FunctionanalysisphaseTheimportanceoffunctionalanalysisistheproductionofauniqueviewforth

29、eprojectstudy,anditistheessentialprocessthatdistinguishesVMfromanyotherproblem-solvingpractice.Ittransformsdifferentelementsofacertainprojectintofunctions,andthismentallyseparatestheVMteamawayfromoriginaldesignandexcelsintoafunctionalconceptapproachoftheproject.Functionsareaddressedbyverb-nounsenten

30、cesinordertoaccomplishareductionoftheproject'sneedstoapossibleelementallevel.Thishelpstoidentifythemajorfunctionsofthedesignelementsoftheprojectandallowstheteamtohaveabroaderunderstandingandconsiderationofalternativemethodstoachievetheiroptimumfunctions.Creativephase&evaluationphaseThecreati

31、vityphasegenerallyinvolvesthelistingofcreativeideas,Whilst,throughouttheevaluationphasetheVMteam,alongwiththeClientsand/orUsersworkcollaborativelyonevaluatingthegeneratedideas.ThesetwophasesaredirectlyexplainedthroughtheanalysisoftheiractualapplicationonthetwoexamplesshowninTable.Themainproceduresof

32、eachphasewassimilarlyappliedoneachexampleproject,howevertheoutputsofeachprocessvariedaccordingtotheparticularityofeachone.8GenericfindingsBasedontheanalysisoftheresultsextractedfromtheappliedquestionnairesurvey,literaturereviewandtheanalysisofexamples,theauthorsobservedtheagreeduponroleofvaluemanage

33、mentinresidentialconstructionprojects.Thisisshown.ItcouldbementionedaccordinglythattherearepotentialsthataregainedupontheapplicationofVM,thesepotentialsareeitherrelatedtocostoverruns,qualityoftheproductsorrelatedtobuildingteam.ConclusionsItwasobviousfromthestudythattheanalysisofresidentialprojectsca

34、sesinEgyptshowedthatthecostoverrunpercentagerangesfrom21%to55.19%inprojectsofconstructionalnature,whichencouragestheapplicationofvaluemanagementprocessinordertoachievecostcontrol.Where,thefirstexampleachieved40%savingsincostconcerningrooflayers,inadditiontotheimprovementofthermalinsulationreaching55

35、%.Whereas,thesecondexamplereducedtheopeningsofdoorsandwindowsaccordingtorequirementsofthedesigncode,whichachievedcostsavingsinthewoodenworkitemandalsointheworkofaluminumitem.Thisexamplemanagedtoachieve15%costsavingfromtheoriginalcostofallarchitecturalworksinprojects.Basedonthefindingsofthisstudyther

36、oleplayedbyVMinResidentialconstructionwasclearlyidentifiedwherethefollowingpotentialswereextractedfromthefindingsofthestudy:Improvementincostcontroloftheproject.Fulfillmentofcostreductionswithoutcompromisingvalue.Theclientgainsmorevalueofmoney.Theprocessresultsinaqualityproductbeingdelivered.Theproc

37、essresultsinsuccessfulteamworking.Tosumup,itcanbestatedthatobviousimprovementofvalueoccurswhenVMmethodologyandphasesareeffectivelyapplied.Thepaperclarifiedthattheproposedaltenativesthroughvaluemanagement'sresearchconsiderationsreachedfrom15%to40%costsavingsasobservedinFig.18duetosavingcostfromsp

38、ecificitem(s).Thisresultwassupportedbythefindingsofthesurveyquestionnaireaswell.Where,thesurveyresultsshowedthatapplyingValueManagementinResidentialConstructionprojectshashighimpactinresidentialprojectspeciallycostreduction.中文埃及住宅工程造价控制：价值管理的具体应用摘要建设项目的实际成本通常与计划成本不同，后者可能达到21%至55%之间的值。在住宅建筑中，成本超支是一个关

39、键问题。建议的缓解此问题的方法是价值管理(VM),它已被证明是一种有效的方10法。因此，本文的主要目的是检验虚拟机在控制成本超支中的作用，并特别参考埃及的住宅项目。对工程造价执行的基础进行了文献综述。止匕外，对案例研究进行了定性分析。最后，进行了问卷调查，评估了将VE应用到埃及住宅项目中的影响。本文的研究结果强调了应用虚拟机方法论所带来的附加价值，据观察，该方法可以节省总工程造价的15-40%。关键字：成本管理，住宅建设，价值管理，成本超支引言术语“工程造价”的众所周知的定义是完成与建筑相关的产品生产所需的资金；例如建筑物。任何与建筑承包商有关的项目的费用均以“支出”的名义表示所有这些项目。一

40、般而言，工程造价是通过对完成所有必要活动所需的预期资源总量进行定量评估来确定的；因此，该项目的成本全部是为了完成与该特定项目有关的所有活动而要支付的现金量。继续进行成本超支，可以简单地通过将合同金额的变化除以合同授予金额来估算。因此，“成本超支”="最终实际成本”-“原始估计预算成本”。也可以将其定义为“实际费用超出预算”。成本超支也称为“成本提升”，“成本增加”或“预算超支”。本文主要涉及建设工程造价超支的控制过程。因此，本文的主要目的是研究价值管理（VM）在控制此类超支中的作用，并特别参考埃及的住宅项目。止匕外，本文试图确定实施此类项目的总成本的决定因素和基础，以帮助减少预计/计

41、划时间与住宅建设项目实施的实际时间和成本之间的差距。本文建议使用价值管理方法，该方法基于结11构化的步骤和阶段，最终旨在实现成本和质量的公平平衡。历史上，由于第二次世界大战期间用于制造的材料用完了，美国出现了价值管理。通用电气的劳伦斯迈尔斯(LawrenceMiles)先生(价值管理的创始人，当时称为价值分析)在1942年对这项技术的创建负有巨大责任，从那时起，它已成为各行各业的首选方法。当前，美国政府和其他国家，例如英国，澳大利亚，KSA,日本和韩国，在其他国家中都依赖“价值管理”，并且预计这种技术将在基本建设项目中发挥至关重要的作用。文献综述实现这一研究目标的第一步是对近期研究进行全面的文

42、献综述，这些研究涉及成本超支，价值管理和埃及住宅建设项目的重要性。定义成本超支可以将术语“成本超支”定义为以下情况的状态：”项目的最终成本超过原始估算时”。毫无疑问，成本是确保任何项目成功的基本要素，也是影响项目质量的最主要因素之一。据信，建设项目的平均增长速度应为33%左右。根据对国际建筑项目中的成本超支进行的一项综合研究，发现10个项目中有9个通过了先前设定的估计，假定50%至100%的超额是普遍现象，并且在70多年内一直保持不变哪些数据可用。在大多数发展中国家，趋势是不同的。有时，项目费用可能会达到成本差异的100%。劣质材料可能会对施工成本产生明显影响，甚至高于预期/估计，这主要是由于

43、实施过程中的材料损失所致。这个12问题以及其他问题是缺乏标准的结果，这些标准可以减轻成本超支并降低建筑成本，从而导致许多建筑公司倒闭。因此，开发准确的成本管理策略至关重要，止匕外，“主动成本管理”策略的应用将成为必经之路。在项目管理生命周期中最重要且影响最大的因素之一是“成本”。它可以被认为是项目成功的驱动力。除了先前证明的生命力之外，在先前设定的成本范围内目睹项目目标成就的失败是非常多余的。在大多数建设项目现场，与初始计划的成本偏差都占主导地位。但是，没有采取足够的措施来消除这种已证明的现象。在本研究的下一部分中，将试图仔细研究，搜索，识别和估计可能分别影响埃及住宅工程造价偏差和差异的不同因

44、素的重要性，这些因素分别取决于其影响和重要性。它还提供了解决这种广泛传播现象的可能方法。埃及的住宅项目埃及经济中最活跃的产业之一是建筑业，因为住宅单位持续快速增长以应对埃及人口的增长。该国人口构成是这类项目蓬勃发展的最积极贡献者之一。建设项目包含无法预测的复杂操作。在过程的各个方面，找到未改变的建设项目也是非常稀缺的。当然，这会导致非常明显的变更订单，进而导致成本超支，时间延迟，质量缺陷和其他负面影响。而且，它们还导致流动过程的不确定性和增加非增值过程的结果，从而减少了产出的价值。价值管理方法论的定义13要定义VM方法，可以将其描述为一种结构化的系统方法，可以改善项目的最终产品和活动。VM方法的主要功能是分析建筑和设计项目中的产品变更。同时，管理流程和业务有助于平衡必要的任务以及完成所需的成本和其他资源。综上所述，“价值方法论”是“价值分析”，“价值管理”和“价值工程”的基础。“