英语句子成分及练习

1、（一）定义（一）定义v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有成分有主要主要成分和成分和次要次要成分；主要成分有成分；主要成分有主语和谓语主语和谓语；次要成分有；次要成分有表语、宾语、定表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，

2、是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every

3、day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作

4、谓不可无！（二）主语（二）主语v主语主语 (Subject)v是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首句首。但在但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面后面。主语主语可由可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。等表示。v例如：例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.W

5、e often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is

6、necessary to master a foreign language.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 v谓语谓语 (Verb) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语一个动词或动词短语构成。如：构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.v2、复合

7、谓语：、复合谓语： 由由情态动词或其他助动词情态动词或其他助动词 + 动词原形动词原形构成。如：构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致保持一致。（四）表语（四）表语 v表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的用以说明主语的性质、特性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）等）之后。之后。表语一般由表

8、语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数名词、代词、形容词、数词、词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句语及表语从句表示。例如：表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）（数词）6.His job is to teach Eng

9、lish.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态

10、，只有）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持继续或保持一种状况一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系动词感官系动词主

11、要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：He became mad after that. 6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达表达证实证实，变成变成之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His pla

12、n turned out a success. （五）宾语（五）宾语 v宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的）表示动作的对象或对象或承受者承受者，一，一般位于般位于及物动词和介词后面及物动词和介词后面。例如：。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.They helped the ol

13、d with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）v宾语种类：宾语种类：v（1）双宾语双宾语（间接宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.跟跟to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, sh

14、ow, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如等，例如 He sent the novel to William yesterday.跟跟for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.v（2）复合宾语复合宾语（宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.v下列动词下列动词只能接不定式只能接不定式做宾语做宾语 ask, ag

15、ree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v下列动词下列动词只能接动名词只能接动名词做宾语做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practi

16、se, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v下列动词下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，做宾语，但意义不同，如但意义不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 v英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：

17、某些及物动带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（词（如如make等等+宾语宾语+宾补宾补）。宾补可由）。宾补可由名名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句语和从句充当。例如：充当。例如： 1.His father named him Dongming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found ever

18、ything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定称为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed

19、 country.（分词）（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词）（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article about

20、 how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定语从句定语从句)（八）状语（八）状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明说明动作或状态特征动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He

21、 is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9 9种状语种类：种状语种类： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party becaus

22、e of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 8.He was so tired that he

23、 fell asleep immediately. 9.She works very hard though she is old.10.I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语） （九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做词或代词做进一步的解释进一步的解释，通常由，通常由名词、名词、数词、代词或从句数词、代词或从句担任，如：担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些做一些附加的解释附加

24、的解释，通常有，通常有to be honest , I think / suppose / believe等，如：等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.练习练习（一）（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.VAdverbialAt