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1、一般现在时主要用于下面几情况:1)描述当前时间内经常出现、反 复发生的动作或存在的状态。在这种情景中,句子常带有表示 频率的时间状语:always, everyday, often, once a week (month , year, etCo ) z sometimes, seldom , usually 等,以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯 性的、经常性的。例如:They raise ducks as a sideline。他 们以养鸭为副业。She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month.她不常给家 里写信,仅一月一

2、封而已。I cycle to work every day 。我每天 骑自行车上班。It seldom rains here。这儿很少下 雨。2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、 能力等等。这里的目的是为了“描述现阶段的 动作或状态”,其重点“不是强调动作发 生的时间、或进行的状态“。例如:He can speak five foreign languages。他能说五种外语。That is a beautiful city。那是座美 丽的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.长江是世界 上最长的河流之一。She

3、 majors in music 。她主修音 乐。All my family love football o 我全 家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others .我妹妹总是乐于助人。3)陈述客观事实、客观真理。顾名思义,客观的情况是“没有时 间概念”的;也”不会在意动作进行的状 态”。例如:The sun rises in the east。日出东 方。The earth goes around the sun。 地球绕着太阳转。Ten minus two is eighto 十减二等 于八。Light travels faster tha

4、n sound。光 的速度比声音的速度快。The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.美国位于太 平洋西岸。4)根据英文语法规定,当主句的 谓语动词是一般将来时,那么时间或 条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般 现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例 如:I'll tell him the news when he comes back.他回来时,我将告诉他这 个消息。If you take the job z they will talk with you in greater details<»如

5、果你接受这份工作,他们将和 你谈谈细节。用于一般现在时的副词,除了上 面提到的一些表示频率的以外,常见 的还有:now, today, nowadays 等等。一般过去时主要是用来描述在过去某个时候 发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以 用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生 的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上 与一般现在 时相同,只是所在的时间 区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如 此,所以在使用一般过去时的句子里 常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状 语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区 别之一。一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式 表示,也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不 规则动词外)。常和一般过去时连用的 过去时间状语

6、有:last night (week zmonth , year, century, etco ), yesterday, the day before yesterday, yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ), in 1999, two hours ago (one week ago, tree years ago, ) 等等。使用一般过去时,在某种意义上 说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存 在于过去的某个时候。”过去”的时间 概念有两层意思:一是指"现在某个 时间”以前的时间;二是指”说话、 写文章的那个时间点“以前的时间, 在这个意义

7、上,”现在的那个时间点” 是很小很小的,甚至于小到无法量化 的程度。例如:He got his driving license last month.他上个月拿到了驾照。-Where's Jim?吉姆在哪里?-He just went out。他刚刚出去。一般将来时概念:一般将来时表示将来某个 时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也 表示将来经常发生的动作。一、常见的将来时间状语:tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, this year, before long,in the future, some day(将来的 某一天),

8、next year, next Sunday, soon,in len days(十天后)等二、一般将来时结构:主语+ will (shall) +动词原形一动词一般将来时,表示将要发生 事(所有人称都可以用will, shall只 用于LWe后面)如:肯定式:They will finish the work next week.否定式:They won t finish the work next week.疑问式: Will they finish the work next week?Yes, they will. / No, they won' t.(注意:不能用Yes, t

9、hey' 11.)特殊疑问句:How many books will you give us?r 11 give you thirty books.2.主语 + be (am, is, are) going to+动词原形be going to,表打算,准备计划 将来干;表可能,有必然,通过现象 来判断。如:r m going to see a film this evening.今晚上我打算去看电影。It* s going to rain.天要卜雨了。We aren' t going to have any lessons next week.我们下周不上课。3 . will

10、/ shall 和 be going to 结 构的区别(1)对于事先经过考虑的打算、 计划,应使用be going to结构。Why are you taking down all the pictures? I am going to repaint the wall.(2)对于事先未经过考虑的打 算、计划,而是临时起意,则用will 结构。常见于会话时,乙听了甲的话 做出的反应。Where is the telephone book? V 11 go and get it for you .(3)表示即将发生某事时,两者 区别不大,多可互换。What is going to happen

11、?What will happen?be going to 一般指较近的将来, will则表示较远的将来。(4)正式的通知等多用will.4 .其他一般将来时表达结构:(1)少数几个动词如go, come, start, arrive等,当表示根据规定时间 要发生的动作时,要用一般现在时来 表示。My train leaves at 6:30.我乘的 火车将在6: 30开。另外,时间、条件状语从句中, “主将从现”r 11 let you know as soon as I hear from him.He' 11 go fishing if it is fine tomorrow.(

12、2)现在进行时表将来。go, come, leave, arrive, start, stay, return 等表示动作的动词,可以用现在进行 时表将来。r m going to the park with my parents on vacation.(3) be about to +动词原形,表 示即将发生的动作。The concert is about to begin. 音 乐会即将开始。(4) be +动词不定式,表示安排 或计划好的动作。There is to be a sports meeting next week.语法练习:I.用适当形式填空1. It be Wednesd

13、ay tomorrow.2. Bettvwrite to hergrandma next week.3. you please give him this letter?1. 1 never do that again.5. She has bought some cloth; she make herself a dress.6. -Oh, what a heavy box! I can' t lift it.-What! I carry it for you.7.In China, wherever you(go), you(see) friendly people.8. Lao

14、Zhao has saved some money and he(buy) a TV set.9. The express from Beijing to Shanghai at 8:45.II.单选1 We go home until we finishthe work.Adon' t B won1 t C will2 Tom six years oldnext month. A will be B will is C is going to3 Look at the clouds? It rain. A is going B will be C is going to4 We go

15、 home untilwe finish the work.A don' t B won' t C will5 We must take the sick man to hospital. He.A is dying B is going to die C will die6 Could you tell me the meeting.A when shall we have B when we would have C when to have7 r 11 talk to him whenA come B will come C comes D came8 I don'

16、; t know if ittomorrow.A rains B will rain C is rain D is raining9 There a schoolthree years ago.A were B use to have C used to be D will be英语语法时态的几种转换英语中的几种时态在一定情况 下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的 转换形式:一、一般过去时与现在完成时的 转换在现在完成时中,延续性动词能 与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动 词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:瞬间动词用于“一段时间 +agow的一般过去时的句型中;瞬间动词可改成与之相对应 的延续性动词

17、及短语,与一段时间连 用;词动词用于“代is+一段时间 +since+一般过去时”的句型中,表 示“自从以来有时间”的意 思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been:间动词用于"Sometime has passed since+一般过去时”的句型 中。请看:Ao He joined the League two years ago。Bo He has been in the League for two yearsoCo It is two years since he joined the LeagueoDo Two years has passed since he

18、joined the League o转换二、一般现在时与现在进行时的在一般现在时中,at加上名词 表示“处于某种状态",如at work (在工作),at school (上学、上课) 等,此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:Peter is at work, but Mike is at pla/oPeter is working, but Mike is playingo三、现在进行时与一般将来时的 转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示 将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生 的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就

19、来,妈妈!”请看:The train is leaving soon。The train will leave soon«四、“be going to+动词原形” 与“will (shall) +动词原形”结构的 转换“begoingto+动词原形”、表 示打算、计划要做的事;将来时“will (shall) +动词原形”结构在书面语 中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动 词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可 以用wilL请看:We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday。We shall visit the Great Wall ne

20、xt Sundayo表示将来的五种非时态方式1、“be+不定式”:表示命令、安排、 倾向或必须、义务等。如:She is to play Julieto 她扮演朱 丽叶。You are to make the necessary changeso你要做出必要的改变。2、“beaboutto+不定式”:表示即将 发生的动作,有“即将”的意思,但 不能和具体的时间状语连用。如:The package is about to come unwrapped o那个包快散开了。3、“begoing+不定式”:表示按计 划或安排打算去做某事,或表示有迹 象表明要发生某事。如:We are going to

21、 call her this evening。 我们打算今晚给她打电话。My sister , s going to have a baby this summero我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。4、用现在进行时表示将来:主要表 示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如:The students are leaving on Sundayo学生们星期日出发。We' re having a party next weeko我们下星期将开一个晚会。5、用一般现在时表示将来:表示按 规定或时间预计要发生的事。如:We have a holiday tomorrowo我们明天放假。The train lea

22、ves at 10: 04this eveningo火车今晚10: 04分开。must表示推测1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握 的推测,意为"一定,2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发 生的事情的推测时,must后面通 常接系动词be的原形或行为动词 的进行式。You have worked hard all day .You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对 现在情况的推测判断)He must be working in his office. 他一 定在办公室工作呢。比较: He must be staying there. 他 现在肯定呆在那里

23、。He must stay there o 他必须呆 在那。3) must表示对已发生的事情的推测 时,must要接完成式。I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话,我想 必是睡着了。4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情 的推测,must后面要接不定式的完成 进行式。一Why didn't you answer my phone call?一Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear ito 5)否定推测用can'toIf To

24、m didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如 果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一 定还未到家。比较 have to 和 must1)两词都是必须的意思,have to表 示客观的需要,must表示说话人主 观上的看法,既主观上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里 把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件 事)He said that they

25、must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上 要做这件事)2) have to有人称、数、时态的变 化,而must只有一种形式。但 must可用于间接引语中表示过 去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sisteryesterdayo3)在否定结构中:don't have to表 示,不必” mustn't表示"禁止”,You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。比较ma

26、y和might1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把 握的推测:may放在句首,表示 祝愿。May God bless you!He might be at home。注意:might表示推测 时,不表示时态。只是可能性比 may 小。2)成语:may/might as well,后 面接不带to的不定式,意为“不妨HOIf that is the case, we may as well tryo典型例题Peter come with ustonight, but he isn't very sure yeto A. must B. may C. can D.will答案B.表可能性只能用m

27、ay. 此句意可从后半句推出。比较 can 和 be able to l)can could表示能力;可能(过去时 用 could),只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息 了。2)只用 be able toa.位于助动词后。b.情态动词 后。C.表示过去某时刻动作时。d.用于句首表示条件。e.表示成功地做了某事时,只能 用 was/were able to, 不能用 couldoHe was able to flee Europe before th

28、e war broke out。=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke outo注意:could不表示时态1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答 中不可用could)0-Could I have the television on?-Yes, you can. / No, you can't。2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀 疑。He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。比较so和such其规律由so与such的不同词性决 定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词 词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或 副词.

29、so还可与表示数量的形容词 many, few, much, little 连用,形成 固定搭配。so + adj.such + a(n) + noso + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (plo )so + adj. + n. (plo ) such +n. (pL )so + adj. + n.不可数such +n.不可数so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many/ few flowerssuch nice flowersso much/little money.such rapid p

30、rogressso many peoplesuch a lot of peopleso many已成固定搭配,a lot of虽相当于many,但a lot of为名 词性的,只能用such搭配。sothat与suchthat之间 的转换既为so与such之间的转换。动词不定式动词不定式是初中英语的语法重 点之一,也是每年中考英语试题的考 点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式, 没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作句 子的谓语。其构成形式为“to+动词原形 ", to为动词不定式的符号,本身无意 义。动词不定式具有两大特点: 1.具有动词的特点,因此,后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语,构成动词不定式

31、短语。2 .具有名词、形容词或副词的 特点,可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、 宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同 位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市 的中考英语试题为例,对不定式的难 点以及它在中考英语中的考查点,作 一简要的总结和分析,供同学们学习 时参考。一、动词不定式作主语1. It's our duty theroom every day.A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D.deans(甘肃省)2. Its hard for usEnglish well.A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省)3.

32、建造这座立交桥将花费工 人们一年多的时间。It will the workersover a year theflyover.(北京市海淀区)4. It's very nice you to get me two tickets the World Cup.A. for, of B. of, for C. to, for D. of, to(安徽省)Keys: 1. A 2. C 3. take, to, build 4. B简析动词不定式作主语时, 可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位 置,也可以用先行词it作形式主语, 而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常 见的句式有:(l)ltis+

33、形容词(ofsb)to do sth.(2)lt is + 名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)lt takes sb some time to do sth.(4)lt is + 形容词(for sb)to do sth.句 式(1)中常用 nice, kind, clever, good, right, wrong, foolish, careless等形容词,与介词of搭配,这 些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属 性或性质;句式中常用hard, difficult, easy, important 等形容词, 与介词for搭配,表示不定式表示的动 作、行为的性质。二、动词不定式作

34、宾语1. He wants somevegetables.A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省)2. Don't forget yourhomework with you when you come to school.A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省)3. He found it very difficultA. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省)Keys: 1. C2. A3. D简析在 want, like,

35、 agree, hope, wish, learn, begin, start, seem, decide, hate, choose, forget, remember等动词后面,可以 接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词 补足语时,则可以用it作形式宾语, 而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。三、动词不定式作宾语补足 语1. Robert often asks ushis Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him wi

36、th (江苏省)2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends Chinese food.A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)Key: 1. B 2. C简析不定式可以用作宾语 补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补 足语的动词有:ask, teach, expect, telb allow 等。四、动词不定式作状语1. She went herteacher.A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省)2. Meimei likes English very much.

37、She does her best Englishwell.A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省)Key: 1. A2. C简析go,come, try, do /try one's best等动词或短语动词作谓 语时,其后常常可以接不定式作目的 状语。3. I'm sorry that.A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省)4. I'm sorry you.A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林

38、省)5. My mother was very glad her old friend.A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省)Keys: 3. D 4. B 5. A 简析be +形容词+ to do sth”结构中的不定式作状语,常表示原 因或方式。6. The panda is so fat that it can*t go through the hole.(改为意思相 同的句子)The holesuch a fat panda to go through.(广东省)7. The ice on the lake was so thin that

39、people couldn't skate on it.(改 为意思相同的句子)The ice on the lake wasn't enough people.(广东省)Keys: 6. is, too, small, for 7. thick, for, to, skate, on 简析在上述”too+形容词/ 副词(for sb)to do”(太而不能)和"enough (for sb) to do”(足以、足够做)结构中,不定式 作结果状语。五、动词不定式作定语1. Would you like somethingA. drink B. drinking C.

40、 to drink D. drinks (湖北省)2.1 have a lot of homeworkA. do B. doing C. did D. to do(河南省)3. He is not an easy manA. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省)Key: 1. C2. D3. D简析不定式作定语时,常放 在被修饰的词语之后,与被修饰的词 语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系;如 果不定式的动词是不及物动词,其后 要加上必要的介词或副词.构成的短 语动词相当于及物动词。六、不带to的动词不定式1. We s

41、aw him thebuilding and go upstairs.A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省)2. So much work usually makes them very tired.A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省)3. Your father is sleeping. You*d better.A. not wake up him B. not to wake up himC. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省

42、)4.1 was made myhomework in the afternoon.1. do B. doing C. to do D. did(贵州省)Key: 1. B2, D3.C4.C简析1.在 see, watch, hear, feel 等感官动词和 make, have, let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不 定式不带to.但是在被动语态中,作主 语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被 动语态)。2.在"had better11后面接不带 to的不定式。七、动词不定式的否定形式2. Mr Black asked the manthe queue.A. not to ju

43、mp B. to not jump C. didn't jump D. not jump (广西壮族自 治区)3. The old man told the childnoisy.A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省)4. There is going to animportant meeting tomorrow. Please try late.A.have, not to be B. have, not beC. be, not to be D. be, not be(内蒙古自治区)Key: 1.A2. B3. C简

44、析动词不定式的否定形 式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上 not,如果是不带to的不定式就直接在 动词原形前面加上not.八、某些动词后面接不定式 和接动词ing形式的区别1. Please stop a rest ifyou feel tired.A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区)2. Why didn't you buysome bread on your way home?Sorry, I forgot some money with me.A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省)

45、3. Let's have a rest, shallwe?Not now, I can't stop the letters.A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省)4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop(walk).(用所给单词 的正确形式填空)(四川省)Key: 1. A 2, C 3. C 4. walking简析一些常见的动词后面 接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别 如下:"stop to do sth"意为"停止正在做 的事情去做另外

46、一件事","stop doing sth ”意为“停止正在做的事”: "remember to do sth"意为"记住去做某 事”(事还未做),"remember doing sth" 意为”记得做过某事”(事已做):"go on to do sth”意为”接着做某事”(做完一 事,接着做另一事),"go on doing sth” 意为"继续做某事”(一事未做完接着往 Fite): "forget to do sth"意为“忘了做某 事”(事还未做),“forget do

47、ing sth”意为” 忘了曾做过某事“(事已做)。5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane over myhead.A. flies B. flying C. flew D. to fly (福建省)6. A woman saw it when she was walking past.A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龙江省)Key: 5. B 6. A简析在 see, hear, watch, feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不 定式,也可接动词的-ing形式作宾

48、语补 足语,用不定式表示动作的全过程(动 作已结束),用动词的ing形式表示动 作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。九、动词不定式的省略及其 符号to的保留1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?Yes,. What time are we going to meet?A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. I'd like to (浙江省)2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?. What time are we going to meet?A

49、. No, I can't B. Yesz I'm glad C. Yes, I'd love to D. I'd like (大连市)Keys: 1. D 2. C简析在口语中,动词不定式 中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复 出现时,第二个动词不定式可以省略, 但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于“be glad to", "would like (love) to", "have t。”等结构中。十、动词不定式的被动式和 其他形式The new hospital isnear the factory.A. build B.

50、builds C. to build D. to be built (青海省)Key: D简析当不定式的逻辑主语 是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语) 时,用动词不定式的被动式,即:to be +过去分词;如果不定式所表示的动作 发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,不 定式用完成式,即:to have +过去分词; 如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表 示的动作同时发生,用不定式的进行 式,即:to be +现在分词比较and和or1)并列结构中,。|通常用于否定 句,and用于肯定句。2)但有时and也可用于否定句。 请注意其不同特点:There is no air or water in themo

51、orioThere is no air and no water on themoorio在否定中并列结构用or连接,但 含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是 肯定结构,因此要用and。典型例题I don't like chicken fish.I don't like chicken,I like fish very much。A. and; and B. and; but C.or; but D. or; and答案Co否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。判断改错:(错)We will die without air andwater0(错)We can't liv

52、e without air orwatero(对)We will die without air orwatero(对)We can't live without air andwatero单词及词组分组辨析1. clothes, cloth, clothing clothes统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数, cloth指布,为不可数名词clothing服 装的总称指一件衣月艮用a piece of, an article of2. incident, accidentincident指小事件,accident指不幸 的事故 He was killed in the accident

53、.3. amount, numberamount后接不可数名词, number后接可数名词a number of students4. family, house, homehome家,包括住处和家人, house房子,住宅,family家庭成员。 My family is a happy one.5. sound, voice, noisesound自然界各种各样的声 音,voice人的噪音,noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.6. photo, picture, drawing photo用照相机拍摄的照 片,picture可指相片,图片,电影片一,

54、drawing画的画Let's go and see a good picture.7. vocabulary, wordvocabulary词汇,一个人拥 有的单词量,word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.8. population, peoplepopulation 人口,人数, people 具体的人 China has a large population.9. weather, climateweather 一天内具体的天气 状况,climate长期的气候状况The climate here is not good tor you.10. ro

55、ad, street, path, way road具体的公路,马路, street街道,path小路,小径,way道 路,途径take this road; in the street, Show me the way to the museum.11. course, subjectcourse课程(可包括多门科 目),subject科目(具体的学科)asummer course12. custom, habitcustom传统风俗,习俗,也 可指生活习惯,后接to do, habit生 活习惯,习惯成自然,后接of doing.I've got the habit of drin

56、king a lot.13. cause, reasoncause指造成某一事实或现 象的直接原因,后接of sth./doing sth, reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由,后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late14. exercise, exercises, practiceexercise运动,锻炼(不可 数),exercises 练习(可数),practice(反 复做的)练习。Practice makes perfect.15. class, lesson作“课”解时,两者可以替 换。指课文用lesson.指班级或全体学

57、 生用 class. Lesson 6; Class 516. speech, talk, lecture speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备 的较正式的演说,talk日常生活中的 一般的谈话,讲话,lecture学术性的演讲,讲课a series of lecture on 17. officer, officialofficer 部队的军官,official 政府官员 an army officer18. work, job二者均指工作。work不可 数,job 可数 a good jobo19. couple, paircouple主要指人或动物,pair 多指由两部分组成的东西a pair of trousers20. country, nation, state, landcountry侧重指版图,疆域, nation指人民,国民,民族,state侧 重指政府,政体,land国土,国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.21. cook, cookercook 厨师,cooker 厨具 He is a good cook.22. damage, damages damage不可数名词,损害, 损失;damages兔数形式,赔偿金 $900 damages23. po

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