定语从句where,when,what,which用法

1、主题：定语从句知识讲解定语从句何时用that,何时用which,何时用where,when,what内容：定语从句何时用 that,何时用 which,何时用 where,when,what主题：定语从句定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有： when, where, why 等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中

2、充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1） who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you他就是你想见的人吗（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2） Whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：They rushed over to h

3、elp the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了, 大家者B跑过去帮，忙。内容： Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3） which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that 在句中作宾语）The packa

4、ge （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that 在句中彳乍宾语 ）二、关系代词that, which的用法A.以下情况多用that.(1)如果先行词是 all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that,不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Is there anything

5、that I can do for you 如果先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, the best等词修饰，关系代词常用that(指人时，可以用 who),例如：This is the very book that I want to find.That is the best film that we have seen.I was the only person in my office that/who was invited.(3)当先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much 所修饰时；

6、You can take any seat that is free.(4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。It is the first foreign book that I have ever seen.This is the most beautiful flower that I have seen.(5)在there be句型中,常用 that.There is a man that lives in that village.(6)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用thato例如：The boy and the dog that are in the pic

7、ture are very lovely.B.以下情况用which.(1)当关系词前面有介词时，指物常用which.The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bike.He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. 非限制性定语从句指物时，多用 which.Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.He wrote an article, which tells us about the computer.(3)如果先行词本身是th

8、at时，只用which.This is that which he bought yesterday.(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this相似，例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.三、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1) when, where, why关系副词when, wher

9、e, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗2) that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、

10、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。I don' like the way (that/ in which) he was t

11、reated.This is the reason he was absent.四、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错） This is the mountain vill

12、age where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.（对）I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、

13、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museum you visited a few days ageA. where B. that C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held.A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D,例2 A例 1 变为肯定句：This museum is you visited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句：This is the museum the exhibitio

14、n was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有 the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选Do而句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组，可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选 Ao关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where地点状语，

15、when时间状语，why原因状语）。五、限制性和非限制性定语从句1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定

16、语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进彳f修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如

17、：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。六、介词+关系词(1)介词十关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。介词十关系代词 结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, with

18、out 等，关系代词只可用 whom或which,不可用 that。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club(2) from where为介词十关系副词 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3)像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take car

19、e of 等固定短语动词， 在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.(4)某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词 when和where互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our clubDo you reme

20、mber the day when you joined our club(2) Some, any, none等或数词+of+which/whom 引导的定语从句。例如I have four books, two of which are interesting.It 'a family of three children, all of whom I have ever taught.七、as, which非限定性定语从句关系代词as也可引导非限制性定语从句，其从句的谓语常是表示感知的动词，如： know, see, hear, expect等。从句可放在主句 之前、之中、或之后。

21、As可以指主句中的某个成分，也可以指整个主句，as在从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。例如：1) Tom, as you know, is a writer.2) As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.3) Tom doesn ' find his homework, as often happens.4) Charlie looks strong, as in fact he is.由as, which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于 and this或and that。As 一般放在

22、句首，which在句1As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1) Alice received an invitation from her boss,came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which, it和he都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2) The weathe

23、r turned out to be very good,was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案Bo which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号 连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3) It rained hard yesterday,prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都

24、指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1） as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which不可。（2） as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As的用法例1. the sameas； such-a中的as是一种固定结构，和一样o-I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know, smoking is harm

25、ful to one's health.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。八、定语从句与名词性从句的互换定语从句和名词性从句由于表达意思的需要，有时可以互相转换。大致有下面三种情况：（1）定语从句与表语从句的互换That's the thing that we're worrying about.（定语从句）That's what we're worrying about. （表语从句）那

26、就是我们正在担心的事。This is the way she did it.（定语从句）This is how she did it.（表语从句）这就是她做这件事的方法。This is the reason why we must go now.（定语从句）This is why we must go now.（表语从句）这就是我们现在该走的理由。That is the place where Xiao Lin was born.（定语从句）That is where Xiao Lin was born.（表语从句）那就是小林出生的地方。（2）定语从句与宾语从句的互换I don't k

27、now the reason why she is so happy.（定语从句）I don't know why she is so happy.（宾语从句）我不知道她为什么这样高兴。He showed me the place where he used to live.（定语从句）He showed me where he used to live.（宾语从句）他带我看了他曾经住过的地方。Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated （定语从句）Do you know when Wuhan was liberated（ 宾语从句）你知

28、道武汉是什么时候解放的吗（3）定语从句与主语从句的互换The thing that we need is more time.（定语从句）What we need is more time.（主语从句）我们所需要的是更多的时间。The time when they will start out has not been decided yet.（定语从句）When they will start out has not been decided yet. （主语从句）他们什么时候动身还没有决定下来。The reason why he did it wasn't quite clear.

29、（定语从句）Why he did it wasn't quite clear.（主语从句）他为什么做那件事还不很清楚。The place where she lives is not known yet.（定语从句）Where she lives is not known yet.（主语从句）她住在什么地方，大家还不知道。九、学习定语从句应注意的几个问题（1）定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如：The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle

30、 School.但注意下列一组句子：He is the only one of the students who was here just now.He is one of the students who were here just now.如果"one of +复数名词"后跟有定语从句，一般情况下 "one of"后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only,the very,just the修饰时，先行词则为 one。（2）定语从句与强调结构It is the place where they lived before.It is in

31、 the place that they lived before.第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调 in the place,that没有意义,把in the place放回后面句子，句子意思完整。Where is it that he found the lost watch（强调句型，强调疑问副词where）。Where is the watch that he found yesterday.（ 定语从句,that 指代 the watch）（3）定语从句与并列结构He has two sons,neither of

32、 whom looks like him.He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him.I've got two of them are in Shanghai.第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词 whom指代two sons,在定语从句中作介词 of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。（4）定语从句与状语从句He found the books where he had put.He found the bo

33、oks in the place where he had put.第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put作主句He found the books的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰 the place。This is such an interesting book that I'd like to read it.This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read.第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book,作read的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先

34、行词book的定语从句中read的宾语。（5）定语从句中的先行词Is this book the one that you bought yesterdayIs this the book that you bought yesterday第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday（6）定语从句与同位语从句定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进

35、 一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如：The news that we heard is not true.（定语从句）The news that he won the prize is not true.（ 同位语从句）另：在"have no idea+从句"结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如：I have no idea when she will be back.十、把握定语从句中的时空概念在定语从句的运用中，当其先行词表示时间或空间概念时，有些学生很容易想当然地用关系副词when或where引导，而没有具体情况具体处理。所以，应注意以下几点。（1）从逻

36、辑意义上讲，只有从句中的谓语动词与该先行词构成动状（时间、地点）关系时，才能用when或where引导从句;或视不同情况以prep.+which代之。例如：1、This is the country where/in which Edison was born 。 （动状关系）2、I'll never forget the year when/in which the terrible earthquake happened.（动状关系）3、England was one of the places from which the settlers moved to America.（

37、动状关系）（2）从逻辑意义上看，当从句中的谓语动词与该类先行词有主谓关系或动宾关系时，则以which/that或prep.+which引导从句。4、Please follow the custom of the country which/that you are going to visit.（ 动宾关系）5、For ever I'll remember the year that/which brought me happy memory.（ 主谓关系）6、 He is going to work in Tibet which/that is far away from Hebei

38、 Province.（ 主谓关系）（3）从逻辑意义上讲，当从句中作主语的名词与先行词存在所属关系时，则用词whoseo7、 is going to the country whose name is Sweden.（所属关系）8、 Generally,we refer to（指的是）the time whose speed is unchanged.（所属关系）十一、浅述主动式定语从句的简化英语表达方式是相当灵活的，为了表达言简意赅，使叙述简洁明快，常用一定的语法手段把句子加以简化，定语从句被简化成 简单句就是常见的一种。下面简单谈谈主动式定语从句简化的几种情况。（1）定语从句中的关系代词为从

39、句主语，其谓语动词是现在进行时，可以用现在分词短语来简化。例如：The man who is teaching us English now graduated from Hubei University three years ago.- ->The man teaching us.现在教我们英语的老师三年前毕业于湖北大学。但是，如果定语从句动词之后没有介词作状语时，现在分词常置于中心词之前。例如：The countries which are developing should get united.- ->The developing countries should.发展中

40、的国家应该团结起来。(2 )把定语从句简化为现在分词短语有以下几个条件。1、从句的动词和主句的动作的时态的一致。例如：My father used to work for the neighbours that lived here.- -> .the neighbours living here.我父亲过去常给住在这儿的邻居干活儿。2、从句谓语的动作可以发生在主句谓语动作之前。例如：Can you catch the early bus which will leave at 6:00 this morning- -> Can you catch the early bus le

41、aving at.你能赶上今天早晨六点钟离开的早班汽车吗3、从句和主句的动词和动作都是泛指的。例如：China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.- -> .country belonging to the third world.中国是一个属于第三世界的发展中国家。4、从句谓语动作一发生，主句谓语动词的动作紧接着发生。例如：The man who stole into the bank was caught immediately on the spot.- ->The man stealing in

42、to.溜进银行偷窃的那个人被立即当场逮住。(3)如果定语从句中是连系动词be的一般现在时或一般过去时，且表语是介词短语，形容词短语或名词短语，可以把它们简化作中心词的后置定语。例如：The farmers had to fetch water from a river which was a mile away from the village.- ->.a river a mile away from the village.家民们得从离村子一里路远的河里取来水。The students who were from the Middle School have gathered.- -

43、> The students from the Middle school.来自十四中的学生集合好了。(4)定语从句的谓语是表示程度、时间和方式等的副词或副词短语修饰语，可用副词和现在分词(两者之间用连字号)作中 心词的前置修饰语。例如：This is a man who works hard.- ->This is a hard-working man.这是一位勤奋工作的人。(5)如果定语从句的动词是一个普通名词作宾语时，可用名词和现在分词(二者之间须用连字号)作定语来简化。例如：The south of Hubei is an area which grows rice.The

44、 Sorth of Hubei is a rice-growing area.(6)定语从句中有一系列并列形容词作表语，可简化成简单句，形容词变成中心词的前置定语。例如：A person who is gentle,lovable and familiar is always easy to get along with.- ->A gentle,lovable and familiar person is always.一位温和，可爱和熟悉的人总是容易相处。(7)如果定语从句的谓语动词与中心词有逻辑上的动宾关系，动状关系和主谓关系时，可以简化成不定式短语作中心词的后置定语。例如：He

45、is a good student with whom you can study.- ->.student to study with.他是一位能一起学习的好学生。(8)如果定语从句中有have加宾语被形容词修饰时，可以简化成with短语中心词的后置定语，也可以简化成名词加-ed作前置定语。例如：a girl who has blue eyes->a girl with blue >a blue-eyed girl十二、定语从句典型错误例析1 .【误】 The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it int

46、o my mouth.【正】 The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.【析】上句应由关系代词that或which在定语从句中作宾语，已省去。因此，从句中的宾语 it多余。又如：【误】 Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he was buried there in 1977【正】 Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he w

47、as buried in 1977.2 .【误】I,who is a Chinese,will do my best for our country.【正】I,who am a Chinese,will do my best for our country.【析】定语从句中谓语动词的形式应依据先行词的人称和数来确定，保持主谓一致。如：Mike is one of the students who know the truth.( 先行词为students) Mikeis the only one of the students who knows the truth.( 先行词为 the on

48、ly one)3 .【误】 All what you have done is not necessary.【误】 All which you have done is not necessary.【正】 All that you have done is not necessary.【析】what不能引导定语从句。当先行词是不定代词( all,something,anything,nothing,everything 等)，或先行词受形容词最高 级，序数词或last,very等词修饰时，关系代词常用that而不用which。如：This is the most interesting fil

49、m that I have ever seen.They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the factory.4 .【误】I don't know the man with who my brother is talking.【正】I don't know the man with whom my brother is talking.【析】定语从句中，如介词提前，指人时只用whom,指物时只用 which:如：The two things about which Marx was not sure were

50、 grammar and some of the idioms.5 .【误】 He is the very person for whom I am looking.【正】 He is the very person who (whom) I am looking for.【析】有些定语从句中的介词不能提前，如提前，从句动词的意义会改变。take care of,look up,look forward to,ask for,make up等短语动词均属此列。6 .【误】 China Daily has plenty of advertisements,that help to cut the

51、 costs of making the newspaper.【正】 China Daily has plenty of advertisements,which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper.【析】在非限制性定语从句中，指物时用 which,不用that.7 .【误】I can't remember the things and persons who I met at that time.【正】I can't remember the things and persons that I met at that t

52、ime.【析】先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句用 that引导。定语从句误用辨析1. This is the factory where we visited last week.2. This is the watch for which Li Feng is looking.3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.4. The house in that we live is very small.5. Everything which we saw was of great interest.6. I've

53、read all the books which I borrowed from the library.7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.8. My father and Mr Crosset talked of things and persons who they remembered in the school.9. This is the same bag like I lost yesterday.10. His dog,that was now very old,became ill and died.11. This

54、 is one of the reasons,why you may like to eat it.12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.13. The boy,his mother died,studies very hard.14. I have two sisters,both of them are doctors.15. We're going to visit the school where your brother works there.16. The captain's head soon a

55、ppeared out of the second storey windows,from which he could see nothing but trees.17. That is the way which they work.18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.19. The news which a new English teacher will come makes us excited.20. As we all know it,he is American.辨析：1、将where改为that或w

56、hich。定语从句关系代 副词的选择，一看先行词，二看其在从句中的成分。本句中 visit是及物动词, which做其宾语。2、把for放在looking之后，当which做短语动词(即动词和其介词不能分开)的宾语时，介词不前置。3、who改为whom ,尽管在口语中 who、whom都能做宾语，但在介词后只用whom。4、that应为which。 that不做介宾。5、which改成that。当先行词有不定代词something,someone,all等时，由that充当关系代t不用 which。6、which 改为 that。当先行词被 all,every,no,some,any,little 等修饰时，用 that,不用 which。7、which换成that。当先行词中有形容词的最高级、序数词， the only、the very等时，只用that弓I导。8、who改为that。如果先行词既是人又有物时，则用 that引导定语从句。9、like改为as。当先行词里有the same,such时，用as引导限制性定语从句。10、which代tha