高级英语阅读一how-to-get-the-poor-off-our-consciencePPT课件

1、1Lesson 1 How to Get the Poor off our consciencenPreparation:nAuthor: John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith, Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics Emeritus at Harvard University, noted economist and author, former ambassador to India, and former presidential adviser, died April 29, 2006 whe

2、n he was 97. 23 John Kenneth Galbraith was a towering figure in every sense of the word, said Harvard University President Lawrence H. Summers. His ideas were some of the most important economic and political contributions of the second half of the 20th century. A Harvard icon, we will not see his l

3、ike again. 42. Cultural background1) 2. Paul Moritz Warburg (August 10, 1868 - January 24, 1932) was a jewish German-American banker and early advocate of the U.S Federal Reserve system. The Paul M. Warburg chair in Economics at Harvard university was named in his honour, a title which is currently

4、held by Professor Robert J. Barro.52) Emeritus is an adjective that is used in the title of a retired professor, bishop or other professional. The term is used when a person of importance in a given profession retires, so that his or her former rank can still be used in his or her title. This is par

5、ticularly useful when establishing the authority a person might have to comment, lecture or write on a particular subject.6 The word is typically used as a postpositive adjective but can also be used as a prepositive adjective. It is frequently capitalized when it forms part of a title. 7 3) Keynesi

6、an economics: also called Keynesianism, or Keynesian Theory, is an economic theory based on the ideas of 20th century British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesian economics promotes a mixed economy, where both the state and the private sector play an important role. 8II. Outline of the essayPart

7、 1 (para.1-2): The oldest project in “getting the poor off our conscience”Part 2 (para. 3-9): 5 historical solutions Part 3 (para. 10-11): a transitionPart 4 (para.12-20): 5 current designs Part 5: (para 21): conclusion9III. Discourse analysis Guide to Reading1. get the poor off ones conscience (tit

8、le): feel not guilty of the existence the poor # get off ones conscience 10e.g. Jack at last got the failure off his conscience and freed himself from guilt. Pams sad eyes reflect that she hasnt got the mistake off her conscience.112. Conscience n.An inner sense that tells you whether you are doing

9、something right or wrong e.g. Jack is nice man and he does everything according to his conscience. Hes behaving like a man with a guilty conscience.12 Notice: the difference among the following words conscience: sense of right and wrong conscientious: scrupulously principled conscious: aware A healt

10、hy conscience will alert one to questionable or wrong behavior. Be conscientious and do your work well. They are not conscious of their behavior unacceptable. 133. do not mince (ones) words: If you do not mince your words, you tell someone something unpleasant without making any effort to be polite

11、or to avoid upsetting them. e.g. They certainly dont mince their words, do they? The doctors didnt mince their words and predicted the worst possibilities.144. exacerbate: (= worsen; a formal word) To exacerbate something means to make it a lot worse. e.g. His remarks only exacerbated the workers an

12、ger. The new tax police exacerbated the polarization in that society.15n5.valid: a valid argument, contract of idea is based on sensible reasoning.ne.g.nThe marriage was held to be valid. 这一婚姻关系是有效的。这一婚姻关系是有效的。 A credit card is not a valid proof of identity. 银行发的支票保付卡不是有效的银行发的支票保付卡不是有效的身份证明文件。身份证明文件

13、。 16# The Millennium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015 form a blueprint agreed to by all the worlds countries and all the world

14、s leading development institutions. They have stimulated unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the worlds poorest.176. Why the author chooses such a title as this essay? Look at the following photos. Millions and millions of people are struggling for their survival, thousands and thousands of p

15、eople die of hunger, cold and illness. While Millennium Development Goals are to meet the needs of the worlds poorest”, do you think the author really tries to call people to get the poor off their conscience?18The photo that brings tears to our eyes!1920Part 1 1. reflect on/over/upon: (= ponder, co

16、nsider) You think in a slow, deliberate way about something that involves ideas or opinions rather than definite facts. e.g. Rob reflected long over Jacks argument.212Plutarch Plutarch (c. 46- 127), was a Greek historian, biographer, and essayist. ( (普鲁塔克普鲁塔克) )22 3. Plutarch was led to say: “An imb

17、alance between the rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of republics.”:23 “Plutarch was led to say” implies that it was the actual existence of the rich and poor or the logic of his analysis that made him come to such a conclusion: If the Rome republic suffered from the same problems 2

18、,000 years ago, it proves the authors point that poverty is a perpetual (permanent) problem.24 4. ailment (=affliction): an ailment is an illness, especially one that does not seem serious even though it might be unpleasant or painful and last a long time. e.g. My uncles and aunts just talk about th

19、eir ailments. a common ailment 普通的病普通的病 minor ailment 微恙微恙 sudden ailment 急病急病 trifling ailment 轻症轻症 womens ailment 妇科病妇科病255. republic: A nation, usu. Governed by elected representatives, whose head state is a president e.g. The Peoples Republic of China was founded on October 1st, 1949.26 6. And t

20、he problems that arise from the continuing have been an intellectual preoccupation for centuries.: The main idea of this statement is that for centuries those with high intellect have been searching for explanations to justify the coexistence of the rich and poor.277. intellectual: n. A person who i

21、s well educated and interested in activities which demand a lot of thought and understanding e.g. Intellectuals have played a great role in the development of science and technology.28 Notice the difference among the following words: Intellectual: showing intellect, concerned with things of the mind

22、 Intelligent: sharp of mind Intelligible: capable of being understood29 e.g. College students are interested in the intellectual argument. Further training is an intelligent choice considering the job market. Intelligible software instructions would be appreciated. 308. preoccupation: the state of m

23、ind in which you think about something so much that you forget about other things. e.g. His preoccupation with business left little time for his family.他全神贯注于事业而能与家人共度的时间很少31Part 2:historical research para. 3 The first solution (next-life theory)nreward; awardreward: n. recompense or return for serv

24、ice or meritaward: n. official recognition, as a prize32ne.g.nThe Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award He won the second award of $ 2，00033nWe will offer a reward of $10,000 for information about the case如果有人提如果有人提供有关案件的情报，我们愿意出一万元赏供有关案件的情报，我们愿意出一万元赏金。金。 We dont expect substantial reward

25、s我们并不期望得到优厚的报酬。 34nreward: v. receive benefit for something that one has donenaward: v. give sb sth. as a prize ne.g.nHe was awarded the first prize for Outstanding Industrial Design他获杰出工业设计一等奖。nYou should reward them according to their deserts你应该对他们论功行赏。 352. misfortune: bad fortune or ill luck. ne

26、.g.nMisfortune is a good teacher in life. -Homore de Balzae 苦难是人生的老师苦难是人生的老师。 -巴尔扎克 Misfortune is the best university. -Vissarion Grigoryecvich Belinsky 不幸是一所最好的大学。不幸是一所最好的大学。 -别林斯基 nI want to help those in misfortune.36373. meek (= timid; assertive): Someone who is meek is gentle and quiet, and lik

27、ely to do what other people say. n e.g. The person looked meek, but had the heart of a lion. “Im sorry sir,” Mary said meekly.383. they eventually will inherit the earth: at last, they will gain everything on the earth (they will become masters of the world).394. Does the author really think that th

28、is is an admirable solution? 40 No, he doesnt. He is being ironical here. He calls it “an admirable solution” because now the rich “get the poor off their conscience”.41Para. 4: The second solution (utilitarianism)1. The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith 42 It is symbolic that Adam Smiths masterpiece

29、of economic analysis, The Wealth of Nations, was first published in 1776, the same year as the Declaration of Independence. He argued passionately in favor of free trade and the most eloquent-integrated description of the workings of a market economy, which continues to influence our economy right u

30、p to the present day. 432. take on something: to begin to have something; to accept something e.g. Her voice took on a troubled tone. I knew it was going to be a difficult job I wouldnt want to take it on. 443. Jeremy Bentham ( (边沁边沁) ) Study Note 4.454. “By the principle of utility” “is meant the p

31、rinciple which ”:The normal word order should be: utilitarianism is meant the principle which proves by the principle of utility. According to Bentham, the principle of utilitarianism means that an action is judged by whether it will increase or decrease the benefits of those who are affected by the

32、 action. 46 5. utilitarianism is a general philosophical idea like idealism. which means the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over had for everyone affected by our action. 47 Con

33、sequently, the greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. If they promote the greatest human welfare actions are right, if they do not actions are wrong. 486. utility - the quality of being of practical use (=usefulness)e.g.A car is a fami

34、ly utility,Which plays an importantRole in familys life.497. augment: to make something become bigger by adding to it (formal) e.g. He augmented his income by writing for the newspapers. The king augmented his power by taking over rights that had belonged to nobles.508. in question (doubtful): If so

35、mething is in question, there is a doubt about it. e.g. The survival of the badly wounded man is still in question. The new plan is in question. Cf. out of the question = unthinkable e.g. It has been so cold here that gardening has been out of the question most of the time.519. Virtue is, indeed mus

36、t be, self-centered: By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest. Virtue: goodness, nobleness, and worthiness e.g. He is a man of virtue.他是位有德之人 Humility is a virtue.谦逊是美德 Tell virtue from vice.分辨善恶52Para. 5: the third solution (poor peoples fault) 1. This is associated with the

37、name of David Ricardo, a stockbroker, and Thomas Robert Malthus, a divine. Stockbroker: a person whose job is buying and selling shares for those with money (investor).53 A stockbroker can easily earn big money through the commission which depends on the amount of money the investor invests, while i

38、t is very hard for the investor to earn money in the stock market, because of the high risk.54 So this is a satire, and it reminds people of the saying: It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than a rich man to enter the Kingdom of God. ( (骆驼穿过针的眼，比财主骆驼穿过针的眼，比财主进神的国，还容易呢。进神的国，还容易

39、呢。) ) This saying comes from Bible.55 A man fell on his knees before Jesus and asked, Good teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life? Jesus told him the commandments: Do not murder, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not give false testimony, do not defraud/cheat, honor your father and m

40、other. Teacher, the man declared, all these I have kept since I was a boy. 56 Jesus looked at him and said. One thing you lack, he said. Go, sell everything you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me. At this the mans face fell. He went away sad, becaus

41、e he had great wealth. Jesus looked around and said to his disciples, How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God. 57 Divine: A divine is a member of the Christian clergy.A formula

42、 proposed by two (one is a stockbroker, the other a divine) with such different backgrounds yet with such similarity of thinking is by itself an irony.589. The poverty of the poor was the fault of the poor. And it was so because it was a product of their fecundity: The poverty of the poor was caused

43、 by their having too many children.5910. fecundity: The capacity for producing offspring, especially in abundance. Productive or creative power e.g. Rabbits have stronger fecundity than other animals.I admire his fecundity of imagination.60Para. 6: Malthusianism (马尔塞斯人口论)11. the rich were not respon

44、sible for either its creation or its amelioration: The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.6112. However, Malthus was himself not without a certain responsibility: He urged that as a fully effective method of bi

45、rth control: What warning did Malthus urge that the marriage ceremony should contain? Why?6213. repair to: go to (a place) This statement (Couples in love should repair to R. H. Macys, not their bedroom.) ridicules Reagans view that the best form of population control comes from the market. e.g. It

46、was to Paris he repaired after his London triumph in the spring of 2006.6314. Couples in love should repair to R. H. Macys, not their bedroom: It implies that couples will find their pockets not that heavy while they look around the market, which will push them to work hard for money rather than enj

47、oy their love in their bedrooms for having too many children. This statement ridicules Reagans view that the best form of population control comes from the market.64Para. 7: the forth solution (Social Darwinism - survival of the fittest)1. denial (admission) e.g. Your denial of my request hurts me.

48、I have not a word of denial. Para. 8: A case in point: Rockefellers speech 652. overriding: first in priority; more important than all otherse.g. Our overriding concern is the eradication of illiteracy.(我们最关心的事是消除文盲.) Your overriding task is to learn to be, to do, and to learn while at the universit

49、y. (你们在大学的首要任务是学会做人,做事,学习.) Para. 8: A case in point: Rockefellers speech about the American Beauty Rose.66n1. beholder: a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses (= observer)ne.g.nBeauty is in the eyes nof beholder.n情人眼里出西施情人眼里出西施67Para. 9: the fifth solution (more vague d

50、enial of poverty) 1. It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone: People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the targ

51、et of criticism. 682. decline: v. become less in quantity, importance, or strengthe.g.They wish that prices would decline. The arts of China have not declined in spite of Western influence.The price of 14 inches TV set declined from 400 to 320 yuan each. 693. achieve, acquire,attain, gain, obtain Fi

52、ll in each of the blanks with a proper word:1) After so many years of hard work, he finally _ success.2) She has _ some very unpleasant habits recently.3) In typhoon, winds _ a speed greater than 120 km per hour. 70 4) In the second experiment they _ a very clear result.5) No _ without pains.6) She

53、_ a good knowledge of English from Mr. Chens lectures. 71Para. (10-11):a transition18. Why does the author call it a revolution? Because it broke away from the traditional conception that the federal government was not responsible for social welfare. The Social Security Act of 1935 laid foundation f

54、or the current social welfare system of the United States. Readers can easily sense that the author is for the revolution.72 19. What did people feel when a number of social welfare measures were put into practice? Were they right in thinking so? (para.10) People felt that the policy of ignoring the

55、 poor and refusing assistance had been abandoned. Since the government was making efforts to relieve the misery of the poor, they did not need to pay attention to any more. They were not completely right. The government did take many measures, but the desire to get the poor off our conscience still

56、lingered on, waiting for chances to come back.73. 20. the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it was only suspended: The oldest human exercises of getting the poor off our conscience had not been ceased. It had only been stopped temporarily.7421. suspend; disso

57、lve suspend: to bar for a period; to interrupt; to defer; to hang; to hold without attachment dissolve: to make a solution; to melt; to dispel; to terminate; to collapse emotionally75Sugar dissolved in the hot coffee. She tried to be mad, but dissolved into smiles at her impish son. His fears were d

58、issolved when the lights came on. King Charles dissolved Parliament three times in four years. Dolly dissolved into tears. 76His license was suspended for nine months. The director suspended its meetings until they could gather more information. The committee suspended judgment till they gathered mo

59、re information. The chandelier was suspended from the ceiling. The dust was suspended in the air for days.1 77Notes 1: When matter dissolves it changes form; when matter is suspended, it disperses into other matter, but does not change form.78 22. Not unrewarding: double negative, (here used for emp

60、hasis, used in ironical sense, that is, money can be made by contributing to the process of ignoring the poor) e.g. You cant make something out of nothing. (巧媳妇难做无米之炊。） Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. (天下无难事只 怕有心人） Whats done cannot be undone.（已经做了的事后悔也 无用。）7923. It has again become , and a