中国科学技术大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

1、中国科学技术大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题PAPER ONESECTION READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions：There are 5 passages in this sectionEach passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statementsFor each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and DYou should decide on the best choice and then blacke

2、n the corresponding letter on the Answer SheetPassage OneQuestions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage： Studying science within a social and political context is not part of current scientific training in the USInstead，scientists believe that they are studying “knowledge for knowledges sake”Th

3、ey work within a social structure of competition and reward that encourages pursuit of recognition of colleagues and prestige at the expense of humanness Scientists undergo long years of trainingPhD students，for example，do approximately 3-5 years of postundergraduate work and frequently an additiona

4、l 2-3 years of post doctoral study before starting a job at the lowest level of the socalled professional orderFrom the beginning the scientist is trained in the scientific method，which teaches one to isolate an object for study，to analyze its internal workings，to formulate laws about itBoth the iso

5、lation of the object and the method used to examine it，ielooking at parts rather than the whole，reinforce piecemeal rather than comprehensive thinkingIt would not be possible for science to appear“neutral”if it were viewed as part of the cultural and social institutions that support，create and encou

6、rage itScience as it is currently practiced is concerned with validity and not with valuesIt is pursuit of knowledge regardless of moral consideration Long years of training in reductionist thinking produces scientists who are experts，special people who are thought to be more knowledgeable，rational，

7、precise and brighter than othersThe scientist becomes a “professional “isolated from common people and often unable to talk with others unlike himselfThis“professionalism”allows the scientist to disregard any questioning of his work that does not belong to his scientific researchIt allows scientists

8、 to keep a professional distance between themselves and nonscientists as well as between selves and subordinatesAnd it supports the social order within science itselfIt is not unusual that scientists at the top can organize and direct work of subordinates and not even be questioned about it Clearly

9、the training and development of“professional”scientists produce persons for the most part who do not and perhaps cannot examine the social values of their work，and who not only shut out criticism but silence itGiven such long years of training and socialization in the ideology and behavior of scienc

10、e，it is not surprising that scientists who do military research regard their work as value free1Which of the following would a“professional”scientist show the most concern for? AThe long-term social effect of his theories BApplication of his theories to social situation CFormulation of theories base

11、d on analysis DThe connection of his theories with other subjects2According to the author，in the profession of science_ Ascientists respect each others opinions Bscientists welcome criticism from nonscientists Cthe competition between scientists is encouraged Dyoung scientists are trained to be blin

12、dly obedient3Some scientists in military research believe that_ Athey are in pursuit of knowledge Bmilitary research is of great value to the nation Cthey enjoy freedom only when they are doing military research Dmilitary research should not be controlled by the State4The scientific training in the

13、USemphasizes_ Acomprehensive thinking Banalytical thinking Csocial application DBoth A and BPassage TwoQuestions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage： By far the most common difficulty in study is simple failure to get down to regular concentrated workThis difficulty is much greater for those w

14、ho do not work to a plan and have no regular routine of studyMany students muddle along，doing a bit of this subject or that，as the mood takes them，or letting their set work pile up until the last possible moment Few students work to a set time-tableThey say that if they did construct a timetable for

15、 themselves they would not keep to it，or would have to alter it constantly，since they can never predict from one day to the next what their activities will be No doubt some temperaments take much more kindly to a regular routine than othersThere are many who shy away from the self-regimentation of a

16、 weekly time-table，and dislike being tied down to a definite programme of workMany able students claim that they work in cyclesWhen they become interested in a topic they work on it intensively for three or four days at a timeOn other days they avoid work completelyIt has to be confessed that we do

17、not fully understand the complexities of the motivation to workMost people over 25 years of age have become conditioned to a work routine，and the majority of really productive workers set aside regular hours for the more important aspects of their workThetough-mindedschool of workers is usually very

18、 contemptuous of the idea that good work can only be done spontaneously，under the influence of inspiration Those who believe that they need only work and study as the fit takes them have a mistaken belief either in their own talent or in the value offreedomFreedom from restraint and discipline leads

19、 to unhappiness rather than toself-expressionorpersonality developmentOur society insists on regular habits，timekeeping and punctuality，and whether we like it or not，if we mean to make our way in society we have to comply with its demands5The most widespread problem in applying oneself to study is t

20、hat of_ Athe failure to keep to a routine of methodical and intensive work Bchanging from one subject to another Cunwillingness to follow a systematic plan Dapplying oneself to a subject only when one feels inclined6Those workers with strict views on work_ Aare very critical of the belief that good

21、work can be a natural product of instinct Breject the idea that good work is second nature to man Cdo not regard as serious the opinion that good work can be done at any time regardless of inspiration Dare deeply scornful of the idea that good work can only be done when free from externalinfluence a

22、nd prompted by internal stimulus7In Paragraph 4“as the fit takes them”means_ Awhen they have the energy Bwhen they are in the mood Cwhen they find conditions suitable Dwhen they feel fit8A suitable title for the passage might be_ AAttitudes to Study BStudy Plans CThe Difficulties of Studying DStudy

23、and Self-disciplinePassage ThreeQuestions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage： Traditionally，the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal pointsperiodscountries，climatic events，and great leadersIt also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure：how one inquires into a hi

24、storical problem，how one presents and documents ones findings，what constitutes admissible and adequate proof Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studiesThe currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociolog

25、y catalog：childhood，work，leisureThe new subjects are accompanied by new methodsWhere history once was primarily narrative，it is now entirely analyticThe old questions“What happened?”And“How did it happen?”Have given way to the question“Why did it happen?”Prominent among the methods used to answer th

26、e question“Why”is psychoanalysis，and its use has given rise to psychohistory Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contextsHistorians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for themBut this pragmatic u

27、se of psychology is not what psychohistorians intendThey are committed，not just to psychology in general，but to Freudian psychoanalysisThis commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood itPsychohistory derives its“facts”not from history，the detailed records of eve

28、nts and their consequences，but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history，and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives，but from a view of human nature that transcends historyIt denies the basic criterion of historical evidence：that evidence be publicly accessib

29、le to，and therefore assessable by，all historiansAnd it violates the basic tenet of historical method：that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their thesesPsychohistorians，convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories，are also convinced that theirs is the“deepe

30、st”explanation of any event，that other explanations fall short of the truth Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history(in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past)；it also violates the past itselfIt denies to the past an integrity and will of its own

31、，in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effectsIt imposes upon the past the same determination that it imposes upon the present，thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexityInstead of respecting the parti

32、cularity of the past，it assimilates all events，past and present，into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances9Which of the following best states the main point of the passage? AThe approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in

33、 vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method BTraditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians CHistory is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicl

34、y verifiable evidence DThe psychological assessment of an individuals behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life10It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional histor

35、y usually_ Arelies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events Binterprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended Cviews past events as complex and having their own individuality Dturns to psychological explanations in historical conte

36、xts to account for events11The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions? AWhat are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical interpretation? BWhen do traditional historians consider psychological explanations of historical developments approp

37、riate? CWhat sort of historical figure is best suited for psychological analysis? DWhat is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians?12The author of the passage puts the word“deepest”(Last line，Para3)in quotation marks most probably in order to_ Adraw attention to

38、 a contradiction in the psychohistoriansmethod Bsignal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistoriansclaim for their work Cemphasize the major difference between the traditional historiansmethod and that of psychohistorians Dquestion the usefulness of psychohistoriansinsights into tradition

39、al historical scholarshipPassage FourQuestions 13 to 16 are based on the following passage： Until recently most astronomers believed that the space between the galaxies in our universe was a near perfect vacuumThis orthodox view of the universe is now being challenged by astronomers who believe that

40、 a heavy “rain”of gas is falling into many galaxies from the supposedly empty space around themThe gas apparently condenses into a collection of small stars，each a little larger than the planet JupiterThese stars vastly outnumber the other stars in a given galaxyThe amount of“intergalactic rainfall”

41、into some of these galaxies has been enough to double their mass in the time since they formedScientists have begun to suspect that this intergalactic gas is probably a mixture of gases left over from the“big bang”when the galaxies were formed and gas was forced out of galaxies by supernova explosio

42、ns It is well known that when gas is cooled at a constant pressure its volume decreasesThus，the physicist Fabian reasoned that as intergalactic gas cools，the cooler gas shrinks inward toward the center of the galaxyMeanwhile its place is taken by hotter intergalactic gas from farther out on the edge

43、 of the galaxy，which cools as it is compressed and flows into the galaxyThe net result is a continuous flow of gas，starting as hot gases in intergalactic space and ending as a drizzle of cool gas called a“cooling flow，”falling into the central galaxyA fairly heretical idea in the 1970s，the cooling-f

44、low theory gained support when Fabian observed a cluster of galaxies in the constellation Perseus and found the central galaxy，NGC 1275，to be a strange-looking object with irregular，thin strands of gas radiating from itAccording to previous speculation，these strands were gases that had been blown ou

45、t by an explosion in the galaxyFabian，however，disagreedBecause the strands of gas radiating from NGC 1275 are visible in optical photographs，Fabian suggested that such strands consisted not of gas blown out of the galaxy but of cooling flows of gas streaming inwardHe noted that the wavelengths of th

46、e radiation emitted by a gas would change as the gas cooled，so that as the gas flowed into the galaxy and became cooler，it would emit not x-rays，but visible light，like that which was captured in the photographsFabians hypothesis was supposed by Canizaresdetermination in 1982 that most of the gas in

47、the Perseus cluster was at a temperature of 80 million degrees Kelvinwhereas the gas immediately surrounding NGC 1275(the subject of the photographs)was at one-tenth this temperature13The primary purpose of the passage is to_ Aillustrate a hypothesis about the origin of galaxies Bprovide evidence to

48、 dispute an accepted theory about the evolution of galaxies Csummarize the state of and prospects for research in intergalactic astronomy Dreconcile opposing views on the formation of intergalactic gas14It can be inferred from the passage that，if Fabian is correct，gas in the peripheral regions of a

49、galaxy cluster_ Astreams outward into intergalactic space Bis composed primarily of gas left over from the big bang Cis hotter than gas in the central regions of the galaxy Dexpands to increase the size of the galaxy15According to the passage，Fabian believes that gas flowing into a central galaxy ha

50、s which of the following characteristics? AIt is one-tenth hotter than it was in the outer regions of the galaxy cluster BIt emits radiation with wavelengths that change as the gas moves toward the center of the galaxy CThe total amount of radiation emitted diminishes as the gas cools DIt condenses

51、at a rate much slower than the rate of decrease in temperature as the gas flows inward16The author of the passage probably mentions Canizaresdetermination in order to_ Aclarify an ambiguity in Fabians research findings Billustrate a generalization about the temperature of gas in a galaxy cluster Cin

52、troduce a new argument in support of the orthodox view of galaxies Dprovide support for Fabians assertions about the Perseus galaxiesPassage FiveQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage： Since the late 1970s，in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries，manufactur

53、ers in the United States have been trying to improve productivityand therefore enhance their internal competitivenessthrough cost-cutting programs(Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant)However，from 1978 through 1982，productivitythe value of g

54、oods manufactured divided by the amount of labor inputdid not improve；and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following，they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier，post-1945 upturnsAt the same time，it became clear that the harder manufa

55、cturers worked to implement cost-cutting，the more they lost their competitive edge With this paradox in mind，I recently visited 25 companies；it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawedManufacturing regularly observes a“40，40，20”ruleRoughly

56、40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure(decisions about the number，size，location，and capacity of facilities)and in approaches to materialsAnother 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technologyThe f

57、inal 20 percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cuttingThis rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be triedThe well-known tools of this approachincluding simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter，not harderdo not produce resultsBut the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourag