高中名词讲解

1、名词可以分为名词可以分为_（Proper Nouns）和）和 _ (Common Nouns),常见的专有名词有常见的专有名词有：_ : China, Japan, England, Cuba, Australia, Brazil, France；_: Zhou Enlai, Jim, New York, Shanghai_: Chinese, Japanese, English, French_: the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace of Museum; the Peoples Hospital。注意：专有名词的中心词的第一个字母要大写

2、。注意：专有名词的中心词的第一个字母要大写。名词的分类名词的分类国家名称国家名称人名人名/地名地名语言语言由普通名词构成的专有名词由普通名词构成的专有名词专有名词专有名词普通名词普通名词普通名词可分为下面四类：普通名词可分为下面四类：（1）_（Individual Nouns）：表示某类）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：人或东西中的个体，如：pen, student, desk。（2）_（Collective Nouns）：表示若干）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：个个体组成的集合体，如：family, class, people（3）_（Material Nouns）：表示无法分）：表示无

3、法分为个体的实物，如：为个体的实物，如：air, water, paper。（4）_（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：dancing, work, modesty, happiness, time。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词可数名词（Countable Nouns），），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为用数目计算，称为不可数名词不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。）。个体名词个体名词集体名词集体名

4、词物质名词物质名词抽象名词抽象名词类别类别用法用法例词例词普普通通名名词词 表示某类人或东西中表示某类人或东西中的个体的个体pen, student, desk表示若干个个体组成表示若干个个体组成的集合体的集合体school, family, class 表示无法分为个体的表示无法分为个体的实物实物tea, water, paper表示动作、状态、品表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念质、感情等抽象概念work, time, happiness专专有有名名词词某个（些）人，地方，某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称机构等专有的名称Marx, Shanghai, China, The Great

5、 Wall可数可数 名词名词不可数不可数 名词名词个体个体名词名词集体集体名词名词物质物质名词名词抽象抽象名词名词progress ,knowledge, population,advice, noise, furniture名词单复数的一些特殊情况名词单复数的一些特殊情况考点一考点一1.1.单复同形：单复同形： deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, SwissSwiss，meansmeans，seriesseries，species species 2.2.形式上为复数，但实际上

6、是单数的词：形式上为复数，但实际上是单数的词： ( (它们作主语时，谓语用单数它们作主语时，谓语用单数) ) maths maths/ math, politics, physics, news/ math, politics, physics, news3.3.形式上为单数，实际上是复数的词：形式上为单数，实际上是复数的词：( (集体名词集体名词) )police, cattle, audience, crew, crowd, police, cattle, audience, crew, crowd, committeecommittee，peoplepeople4.4.常以复数形式出现的

7、名词：常以复数形式出现的名词： glassglasseses, trouser, trousers s, jean, jeans s, sock, socks s, , stockingstockings s, scissor, scissors s, compass, compasseses, , cross-roadcross-roads s5.5.复数不规则变化的名词：复数不规则变化的名词： child- child- ox- ox- mouse- mouse- f foooot-t- t tooooth-th- g goooose-se-childchildrenrenmicemice

8、f feeeet tt teeeeththg geeeeseseoxoxenen man- _ woman- _Englishman- _ (合成词合成词)German- _ (非合成词非合成词)menwomenEnglishmenGermans6.以以o结尾的名词：结尾的名词：1) O前为辅音字母时，加前为辅音字母时，加 - es potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes negro-negroes hero-heroes echo-echoes 注意：注意：photo (photograph)-photos kilo (kilogram)-kilos piano(外来

9、词外来词)-pianos 黑人吃土豆，黑人吃土豆，英雄吃番茄。英雄吃番茄。两菜两人一回声两菜两人一回声2) O前为元音字母时，加前为元音字母时，加 s radio-radios zoo-zoos kangaroo-kangaroos bamboo-bamboos studio-studios注意：注意：cargo-cargoes / cargos(货物货物)motto-mottoes / mottos (座右铭座右铭,格言格言)volcano-volcanoes / volcanoszero-zeroes / zerosmosquito-mosquitoes/ mosquitosrhino-r

10、hinoes/ rhinos7.以以f 或或 fe结尾的名词：结尾的名词：规则规则: (变变f 或或 fe为为-ves) thief-thieves wife-wives knife-knives wolf-wolves half-halves leaf-leaves shelf-shelves (life-lives) 小偷小偷的的妻子妻子用用刀刀把把狼狼砍砍成几成几半半，并用并用树叶树叶将将其盖在其盖在书架书架后面。后面。特殊特殊(直接加直接加 -s)belief - beliefs chief -chiefsgrief - griefsgulf -gulfsroof - roofspro

11、of -proofssafe -safes( (信念信念) )( (首领首领) )( (悲伤悲伤) )( (海湾海湾) )( (屋顶屋顶) )( (证据证据) )( (保险柜保险柜) )1.girlfriend- 1.girlfriend- 2.grandchild-2.grandchild-3.passer-by-3.passer-by-4.looker-on- 4.looker-on- 5.stander-by-5.stander-by-6.mother-in-law-6.mother-in-law-7.grown-up-7.grown-up-8.go-between-8.go-betwe

12、en-passerpassers s-by-by looker lookers-s-ononstanderstanders s-by-bymothermothers s-in-law-in-lawgrown-upgrown-ups sgo-betweengo-betweens s过路人过路人旁观者旁观者旁观者旁观者中间人中间人9.9.单复数形式意思极不相同的名词：单复数形式意思极不相同的名词： good-goodsgood-goods water-waters water-waters sand-sands sand-sands wood-woods wood-woods work-works

13、 work-works time-times time-times green-greens green-greens manner-manners manner-manners custom-customs custom-customs fish-fishes fish-fishesvalue- value- values values ( (价值观价值观) )force-force-forcesforces( (军队军队) )arm-arm-armsarms( (武器武器, ,战争战争) )货物货物水域水域沙滩沙滩树林树林著作著作时代时代蔬菜蔬菜礼貌礼貌关税关税各种鱼各种鱼 注：注：Exe

14、rcises：（：（名词的单复数名词的单复数）. Write down the plural forms.mouth stomach monkey factoryhalf beliefGerman man teacherFrenchmanmouths monkeyshalves Germans men teachers Frenchmenstomachs factories beliefs修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these, those, few, a few, many, a good great many, a great good number of 等：Few people woul

15、d agree with this. 很少人会同意这种看法。He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有this, that, little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of 等：I have little time to do it. 我没什么时间来做此事。He didnt give me much money. 他没给我很多钱。A great deal of money is spent on research. 研究工作上花了许

16、多钱。既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of 等：You neednt hurry. Theres plenty of time. 你不必着急。时间多着哩。There are plenty of men out of work. 失业的人很多。We need a quantity of baskets. 我们需要一批篮子。He put a small quantity of sugar in the milk. 他在牛奶中放了少量的糖。名词的所有格名词的所

17、有格考点二考点二1.1.名词所有格的形式：名词所有格的形式： 1) 1) 单数名词直接在其后加单数名词直接在其后加 汤姆的帽子汤姆的帽子 2) 2) 复数名词则先加复数名词则先加s s再加一撇再加一撇 十分钟的行程十分钟的行程 教师节教师节 注意注意: : 不是以不是以s s结尾的复数名词还是直接在结尾的复数名词还是直接在其后加其后加 ss(s)(s)ssToms capToms capten minutes walkten minutes walkTeachers Day Teachers Day Childrens DayChildrens Day2 2、有生命的名词，一般在名词后加、有生

18、命的名词，一般在名词后加 s s（表示时间、距离、金额、重量、机构、城市或（表示时间、距离、金额、重量、机构、城市或国家的名词也可以直接加国家的名词也可以直接加s s）1 1）他妈妈的朋友）他妈妈的朋友2 2）狗的名字）狗的名字 3 3）罗定的气候）罗定的气候 3 3、无生命的事物，一般借用、无生命的事物，一般借用 of of the window of our classroomthe window of our classroomthe name of the villagethe name of the villagehis mothers friendhis mothers frien

19、dthe dogs namethe dogs nameLuodingsLuodings climate climate3 3）我们课室的窗户）我们课室的窗户4 4）村庄的名字）村庄的名字4. 表示表示“某人家某人家”、“店铺店铺”的名词所的名词所有格，一般省略后面的的名词。有格，一般省略后面的的名词。at Mr Greensat my unclesat the tailorsat the barbersat the doctors在格林先生家在格林先生家在我叔叔家在我叔叔家在裁缝店在裁缝店在理发店在理发店在肉店在肉店在诊所在诊所at the butchers / clinic5.双重所有格双重

20、所有格 1) a friend of mine 限定词（限定词（a/some/many/such/this/every等）等）+名词名词+ of +名词性物主代词名词性物主代词= one of my friends= one of Toms friends2) a friend of Toms 限定词限定词 +名词名词+ of +名词所有格名词所有格Johns uncle has many friends. Mr. Brown is a friend of _.A. Johns uncle B. John unclesC. Johns uncles D. John uncleExercises

21、ExercisesTom s bookmy friend s uncletodays newspaperten minutes walkthree hundred yuans skirtthe schools historyChinas populationTeachers Daytwo weeks holidayChildren s Daymen s shoes14.14.房子的屋顶房子的屋顶15.15.这篇文章的题目这篇文章的题目16.16.这本书的作者这本书的作者the color of the wallthe cover of the bookthe roof of the house

22、the title of this textthe writer of this bookat my aunts (home)in the teachers (office)the cats name / the name of the cat some photos of Marys three classmates of my brothers完成句子完成句子：1、玛丽的书包和露丝的书包放在椅子上玛丽的书包和露丝的书包放在椅子上。 _ are on the chair.2、玛丽和露丝的房间在二楼玛丽和露丝的房间在二楼。 _ is on the second floor.3、她父母亲的一个朋

23、友是农民她父母亲的一个朋友是农民。 _ is a farmer.4、步行二十分钟的路程不很远步行二十分钟的路程不很远。 _ is not very far.Marys and Lucys bagsMary and Lucys roomA friend of her parentsTwenty minutes walk1. D_ is the twelfth month in a year.2. Canada belongs to N_ America.3. _(教授教授) Smith will give a lecture on how to prevent cancer.4. We stud

24、ents usually dont have classes on S_ and Sunday.5. His son was admitted to Peking U_, which they took pride in.ecemberorthProfessoraturdayniversity要点：专有名词大写开头要点：专有名词大写开头1.The new apartment is in room 302,entrance 1, building 49, the century garden.2.The students of senior three of (from) xinguang mi

25、ddle school will go to the first peoples hospital to have a physical examination on saturday, september 9th.Room 302,Entrance 1, Building 49, the Century GardenThe students of Senior Three of (from) Xinguang Middle School will go to the First Peoples Hospital to have a physical examination on Saturd

26、ay, September 9th.1. The cat is sitting on my_ . (bed/beds)2. There are five _ on my desk. (pencil/pencils)3. I have got two _. (sister/sisters)4. They are riding their_ . (bike/bikes)5. We have got a_ . (dog/dogs)6. How many _have you got in your bag? (book/books)7. My mother has got a new_ . (comp

27、uter/computers) 8. There are three windows in the_ . (room/rooms)9. Susan has got four _. (poster/posters)10. There is one_ on the floor. (pen/pens)pen.Fill in the blanks.1.The (roof) of the houses were covered with (leaf).2.There are three ( woman doctor) and four (girl) nurses in the team.3.Id lik

28、e (chicken) rather than (fish) for supper.4. My family raise a lot of (cattle), including two (cow).5. Sister Mary works in a (shoe) factory.roofsleaveswomen doctorsgirlchickenfishcattlecowsshoeTranslation.1 1、三块面包、三块面包、四杯水、四杯水、三杯咖啡、三杯咖啡4 4、咖啡杯、咖啡杯、所得税、所得税、你喜欢哪一样，马铃薯还是西红柿？、你喜欢哪一样，马铃薯还是西红柿？、附近有两个玫瑰园。、附近有两个玫瑰园。three pieces of breadfour glas