托福阅读真题全集

1、托福阅读真题3PASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes-not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, andceremon

2、ialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo a group who lived on or near the coastduring the 1800s, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to thisday. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomopeople were masters of

3、decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shellpendants; others with feathers that made the baskets surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors.Most groups made all their basketwork by twining th

4、e twisting of a flexible horizontal material,called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily oncoiling a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape withtight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used

5、 both processes with equal easeand frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process,often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. Thewarp was always made of

6、willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woodyfiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomopeople used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black incoiled work. Though other materials were sometimes use

7、d, these four were the staples in theirfinest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs wereamazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twentydistinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.1. What bes

8、t distinguished Pomo baskets from baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs (B) The unusual geometric (C) The absence of decoration (D) The rare materials used2. The word fashion in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain (B) organize (C) trade (D) create3. The Pomo peo

9、ple used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells (B) feathers (C) leaves (D) bark4. What is the authors main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques. (B) The Pomo people were the most skill

10、ed basket weavers in their region. (C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans. (D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word others in line 9 refers to(A) masters (B) baskets (C) pendants (D) surfaces 6. According to the passage ,

11、 a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root (B) process used for coloring baskets (C) pliable maternal woven around the warp (D) pattern used to decorate baskets7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush (B) willow (C) sedge (D) redbud8. T

12、he word article in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration (B) shape (C) design (D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling (B) weft and warp (C) willow and feathers (D) sedge and weaving

13、10. The word staples in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations (B) limitations (C) accessories (D) basic elements 11. The word distinct in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic (B) beautiful (C) different (D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can b

14、e best inferred from the passage ? (A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people. (B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes. (C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pom

15、o people. (D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 4The term Hudson River school was applied to the foremost representatives ofnineteenth- century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the goldendays of the American landscape move

16、ment, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late1860s, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870s as a direct result of thestruggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as therepresentative American art. Theolder painters, most of wh

17、om were born before 1835, practicedin a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securelyestablished in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy ofDesign. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more wi

18、th figuralsubject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in theirown country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition inNew York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previousyea

19、rs had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally, New York school themost representative school of American art in any genre had by 1890 become firmlyestablished in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it

20、 was not intended as flattering, it washardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized inNew York, the Hudsons port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varyingfrequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fid

21、elity amanner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first popularlandscape artist, Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenerybordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group oflandscapists was that many of them ha

22、d, like Cole,lived on or near the banks of the Hudson.Further, the river had long served as the principal route toother sketching grounds favored bythe Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and NewHampshire.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The National Ac

23、ademy of Design (B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River (C) North American landscape paintings (D) The training of American artists in European academies2. Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?(A) Figural painting (B) Landscape painting (C) Impressionistic painting (D) Historical painting3. The word struggle in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) connection (B) distance (C) communication (D) competition4. The word monopolized in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) alarmed (B) dominated (C) repelled (D) pursued5. According to th