专业八级-229

1、专业八级-229（总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟）一、 LISTENING COMPREHENSION题数：0,分数：0.00）二、 （总题数：6，分数：100.00）（分数：20.00 ）A. What to encounter in the US.B. How to play sports in the US.C. How to avoid psychological shock.D. How to handle cultural differences.V解析：听力原文M: Im Will Arditti, and this week were going to talk ab

2、out what students coming to study in the US can do to avoidculture shock in the classroom. We invite Susan Iannuzzi. Shes an international consultant in English languageteaching who lives in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. Hi,Susan. Welcome.W: Thanks.M: So tell me what you did about it.W: Well, actually, o

3、ne of the things that we did at the University of Pittsburgh was that we used the sports equivalence,which, you know, is not something we came up with. Its the three conversational styles of, say, bowling, rugby andbasketball. So, for example, the bowling style. That would be considered something pe

4、rhaps highly considerate, whichmeansthat people from those countries would use a style where they would take turns and they would, you know, holdback if theyre a junior person and allow the older person or the more senior person to speak first. And then when theyare asked for their opinion they woul

5、d jump in.M: Just like you would take turns in a bowling game.W: Exactly. You go and roll and rll wait for you, and now its my turn, and everybody knows that there are going to beturns.M: So thats the high-considerate model.W: Yes. Then theres, you know, the rugby style, which might be the other end

6、. And this is high-involvement. And inthis style youre expected to interrupt other people and the other people are fine with that, they expect to be interrupted.So theres a sort of rapid changing of topic, changing of speakers and overlapping of speech. This is a style thatscommonin southern Europe,

7、 in African cultures, in cultures of Latin America, many voices happening at one time. Itsalso a style in Russia and Greece.M: And then the basketball model?W: Well, the basketball model is a little bit closer to what we have here. So think about it asif youre playing basketball. Youre carrying out

8、the conversation, youre just going along. And when you hesitate,other people see that as an opportunity to jump in and steal the ball, to steal the conversation away. Not in a bad way,just as Oh, its my turn now.What is the interview mainly about?本题设题点在对话陈述处。根据听力原文可知，本次采访的内容是怎样避免文化冲击，因此D 为答案。A. Bowl

9、ing style.VB. Rugby style.C. Basketball style.D. NBA style.解析：听力原文What kind of conversation style do people take turns to give opinions?本题设题点在举例处。根据听力原文可知，在保龄球式风格的讨论中，人们会轮流发言，因此A 为答案。A. Take turns to speak.B. ln terrupt other people.VC. Remain silent unless spoken to.D. Get offended when interrupted

10、.解析：听力原文What are you likely to do when you are engaged in rugby-style conversation?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，橄榄球式的讨论风格会打断他人的谈话，而他人也不会介意，话题和说话人转换迅速，谈话会发生交叉，因此答案为BoA. Southern Europe.B. Northern Europe.VC. African cultures.D. Latin America.解析：听力原文Which of the following do/does NOT often use the rugby style

11、 of conversation?本题设题点在举例处。根据听力原文可知，橄榄球式的讨论风格在欧洲南部、非洲以及拉美的文化和俄罗 斯以及希腊文化中很常见，所以答案为BoA. Very casual style.B. Politely wait for ones turn to speak.Cn terrupt other people regardless of the circumstances.D.Grasp available opportunities to jump in conversation.V解析：听力原文According to Susan Iannuzzi, what ma

12、y be the conversation style in the US?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，美国的讨论风格是听者在发现说话机会时会快速地进入讨论，并以打篮球进行比喻，因此答案为Do（分数：20.00 ）A. Because it is rude to do so.B. Because it may cause trouble.C. Because it is inconsiderate to do so.D. Because their conversation style may not reflect their personalities.V解析：听力原文M:

13、So what would you recommend, what practical things would you recommendfor someone whos coming into thiscountry and who really knows nothing about these styles that youre talking about?W: Well, you know, if theyre in an English language learning situation, I think its really helpful for them to reali

14、ze thatthe other people that are there learning with them may come from different styles, so not to make judgments aboutthem, you know, as Oh , youre rude or Youre_inconsiderate or Youre just very quiet and you never say anything. Because these things maynot be someones true personality. They mayjus

15、t be the conversation style that theyre accustomed to.M: Yeah.W: So, first of all, awareness, I think, is the number one thing. It also helps if the instructors point these things out topeople, because its not something that most of us are going to reflect on in our own lives, think about, well, how

16、 do Iinteract in a conversation? I dont know what I do, I just do it.M: Youre saying that the basketball model tends to be maybe more the traditional style in theUS classroom. But is that always the case?W: You know, the dynamic of each class is different. I know that in, for example, the MBAschools

17、, the students areexpected to do a lot of project work, so the professors may not be as involved in directing classroom interaction. Theremay be a lot of times when the students are working amongst themselves. I would imagine in teacher-led classes thatthis dynamic is muchmore apparent. I personally

18、 remember an instructor, I cant remember where this professor wasfrom, but the topic of the class just seemed to change constantly, as if, you know, And now were going to talk aboutsomething completely different. It made for, you know, a challenging time in taking notes.M: And then there are the cha

19、llenges of everyday language. Even a commonway that Americans avoid confusion whenspelling a name out loud can be confusing if youre not familiar with it.W: I remember a physician who had, you know, very good written English. He was used to writing papers and he couldeven present very well because h

20、e had presented at international conferences. But when he went to set up phoneservice, and he was telling them My last name starts with T and they would say T like table? he said No, Im not atable. I dont need a table. Its T.And he didnt understand that they were using this strategy, this device of

21、associating,you know,first letter of your name with a common object so that we make sure that we write a T instead of a D.M: Susan Iannuzzi is a consultant on English language teaching who also writes textbooks. And thats all for ourinterview. Thanks for coming, Susan. Goodbye.W: My pleasure. Goodby

22、e.According to Susan Iannuzzi, why should we avoid judging other peoples conversation style?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，不要评判别人谈话风格的原因是：这样的风格并不是说话 人性格的体现，只是他们的文化习惯而已，因此答案为DoA. It may help enhance ones awareness of cultural differences.VB. It may help one gain a command of language use.Ct may help one improv

23、e his speaking skills.Dt may help one get along well with his fellow students.解析：听力原文According to Susan Iannuzzi, why should the instructors point out the style differences in conversation ?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，教师指出谈话风格的不同是有益处的，因为这一点并不是 学生通常会考虑到的问题，这有助于提升他们对文化差异的认识，因此正确答案为AoA. To show that students

24、have to do a lot of project work.B. To show that the basketball style is not always apparent.VC. To show that it is difficult for students to take notes.D. To show MBA classes are mostly teacher-led classes.解析：听力原文Why does the interviewee mention the MBA schools?本题设题点在举例处。根据听力原文可知，MBA 学校的机制与一般学校不同，在

25、教师主导的课堂中，这种篮球式风格会更明显。这里暗示篮球风格并非在所有情况下都明显，因此答案为BA. They tend to be more goal-oriented.B. There is likely to be more work.C. They tend to be more dynamic in conversation.VD. Teachers may lose control of the class.解析：听力原文What can we know about Susan lannuzzis opinion of teacher-led classes?本题设题点在对话问答处。

26、根据听力原文可知，由教师主导的课堂讨论动态性更加明显，话题会发生变化，因此答案为 CoA. To make sure the letter is T instead of D.VB. To tell the physician he needs a table.C. To indicate the physician is like a table.D. To make fun of the physician.解析：听力原文What do Americans mean by saying I like table? in the example?本题设题点在转折处。根据听力原文可知，他们说I

27、 like table 的目的是将名字的第一个字母与一个常见物体相关联，以明确所说的字母是T 而不是 D,因此答案为 A（分数：15.00 ）A. Mechanical operation of the body.B. Absence of disease or illness.VC. Physical, mental and social well-being.D. Well-connected social status.解析：听力原文W: I am talking to Richard Johnson, an official of WHO, the World Health Organ

28、ization. Today hewill talk with us about the change of peoples understanding of health. Hello, Richard.M: Hello.W: Now, Richard, the concept of health has been changing all the time. And different people andgroups hold different opinions towards it. Would you mind telling us the original concept of

29、health? M: Of course not.Health has long been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good healthhas been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdow n inthis machi ne. I n this sen se, health has been defined as the absence of disease

30、_or illness and is seen in medical terms. Therefore, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat orprevent disease and illness.W: Then what was the emphasis of the work of the WHO during that period?M: Well, the emphasis was of course on providing clean water, improved sanitatio

31、n and housing._W: I see. When did the concept begin to change?M: In the late 1940s, the WHO challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health.They stated that health was a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence ofdisease. The mi_W: How long

32、 did this concept last?M: It lasted until the 1970s. At that time, people focused their attention on the prevention of_disease and illnessby emphasizing the importance of the lifestyleand behavior of the individuals.Specific behaviorswhich were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack

33、 of fitnessand unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medicalhealth care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behavior andlifestyles.W: It sounds reasonable. It must have been beneficial to people.M: Unfortunat

34、ely, not.W: But why?M: You see, this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach did help the wealthy members of the society. But the majoritywere people experiencing poverty, unemployment or little control overthe conditions of their daily lives. How could people afford the program if they lived un

35、der unfavorable social andenvironmental factors?According to Richard, what was the traditional idea of health?本题设题点在定义解释处。根据听力原文可知，最初人们仅从医学的角度认为没有疾病就是健康，因此答 案为 BoA. To improve mental health.B. To promote universal health care.C. To provide clean water.VD. To establish wholesome social relationship.解

36、析：听力原文Which of the following was among the focuses of the WHO before the 1940s?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，在 20 世纪 40 年代以前，WH 的工作重点是提供清洁饮水，改善卫生条件和住房条件，因此答案为CoA. In the late 1940s.VB. In the 1970s.C. In the 1980s.D. In the 1990s.解析：听力原文When did the WHO define health in terms of the holistic operation of a p

37、ersons mind, body and spirit?本题设题点在时间处。根据听力原文可知，在20 世纪 40 年代末，世界卫生组织从人的身体、心智、社交圈子等岀发，从整体上重新定义了健康，因此答案为AoA. Emphasizing the importance of lifestyle.VB. Drinking clean water.C. Obtaining health care.D. Hiring private doctor.解析：听力原文Which of the following was among the health trend in the 1970s?本题设题点在对话

38、问答处。根据听力原文可知，人们在20 世纪 70 年代的关注点是强调生活方式和个人行为以预防疾病，因此答案为AoA. Supportive.B. Prejudiced.C. Negative.VD. Confused.解析：听力原文What attitude does Richard hold toward individualistic lifestyles approach?本题设题点在观点态度处。访谈中提到在20 世纪 70 年代，人们开始推行 health promotion programs andpolicies ，但被问及这些项目是否有用时，受访者说：Unfortunately,

39、 not.根据听力原文可知，原因在于这种方式对于大多数日常生活都得不到保障的人来说是行不通的，所以受访者对这种生活方式是持否定态 度的，因此答案为 Co（分数：15.00 ）A. Society.B. Gender.VC. Economy.D. Environment.解析：听力原文W: Im beginning to see your point. A single lifestyle decides nothing if not integrated witha good environment.M: Thats right. So during the 1980s and 1990s,

40、there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as theroot cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social,economic and environmental contexts in which people live.W: This is a new concept of health. And I heard

41、 its called the socio-ecological view, isnt it?M: Yes. In 1986,representatives from 38 countries gathered in Ottawa, Canada, to hold the firstInternational Conference of Health Promotion. It was at that conference that the broad socio-ecological view of healthwas endorsed.W: What were the details of

42、 the endorsement?M: Well, the representatives declared that the fundamental conditions and resources for healthare peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable ecosystem, sustainableresources,social justice and equity. Moreover, improvement in health requires a secure foundationin thes

43、ebasic requirements. From this statement, we can find that the creation of health is about much more thanencouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. It mustinclude addressing such issues as poverty, pollution,urbanization,naturalresource depletion,

44、 social alienation and poor working conditions.W: Oh, I see. But how are they affecting health?M: They do not operate separately. Rather they are interacting and interdependent. The complexinterrelationships between them determine the conditions that promote health. A broadsocio-ecologicalview of he

45、alth suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social,economic and environmental focus.W: Thats right.M: As we all know, good health is a major source for social, economic and personal development and an importantdimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural,

46、environmental, behavioral and biological factors can allfavor health or be harmful to it. The Ottawa Conference not only redefines the notion of health. More importantly,itbrings practicalmeaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategiesand approaches in

47、 achieving health for all.W: Then what is the basic philosophy of this health promotion?M: Very easy to understand. Just to enable people to increase control over and to improve their health.W: The new concept of health you have told us today is very useful to our understandingof health.Thank you ve

48、ry much.Thank you very much.M: You are welcome.本题设题点在列举处。访谈中提到在 20 世纪 80 年代至 90 年代期间，人们关于健康的观念再次发生了改变, 根据听力原文可知，这种社会生态学的健康观念是从社会、经济以及环境的角度来看待健康的，而没有提 到性别，因此答案为BoA. It was dedicated to free health care.B. It adopted a socio-ecological view of health.VCt laid emphasis on clean water and comfortable ho

49、using.According to the socio-ecologicalhealth?view of health,which of the followingis NOTrelated to peoplesDt paid special attention to environmental protection.解析：听力原文What can we know about the first International Conference of Health Promotion in 1986?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，1986 年的促进健康国际会议对健康采取了一种社会

50、生态性的广泛观点，强调健康的基本条件和资源，主要包含和平、居住、教育、食物、合理收入、稳定的生态系 统、可持续资源、社会公平正义等多种因素，因此答案为BoA. Crimes.B. Discrimination.C. Urbanization.VD. Womans right.解析：听力原文According to the Ottawa Conference, which of the following problems should be addressed?本题设题点在列举处。根据听力原文可知，渥太华会议提岀获得健康必须要应对一系列问题，包括贫穷、 污染、城市化、自然资源枯竭、社会异化和恶

51、劣工作条件等，其中提到了城市化，因此答案为CA. Each factor contributes to a distinct aspect of health.B. They directly promote physical health.C. They operate separately in terms of health.D. They are interdependent and jointly promote health.V解析：听力原文How are social factors influencing physical health?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知

52、，各种社会因素对健康的影响并不是孤立地发生作用，而是相互影响，互为依存的关系。故答案为DoA. It provides basic strategies to achieve health for all people.VB. It initiates a clean-water program for underdeveloped countries.C. It comes to an agreement on environmental protection.D. It enables people to enjoy free health care in Canada.解析：听力原文Wh

53、ich of the following is the significance of the Ottawa Conference?本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，渥太华会议不仅重新定义了健康的概念，而且更为重要的是，它为促进全人类健康提供了基本策略和方法，因此答案为Ao（分数：15.00 ）A. Online education in China.VB. Digital gap in China.C. Good courseware in China.D. Credible exams in China.解析：听力原文W: What are the advantages of E-

54、education, Professor Gu?M: There are at least four advantages. First, with access to the Internet, students can overcome barriers of space andtime. For example, we can make educational resources in Beijing availableto students in Xinjiang. Second is the easy access. For example, we can put multimedi

55、a resources libraries on theInternet and students can have access to these libraries just by clicking the mouse. The third advantage isthe_optimization of resources. For example, we can tape the lectures given by very prominent professors andbroadcast them live in China and even in the entire world

56、through the Intern et. Because of these three advantages,there is another big advantage, that_is, the Internet technology, makes mass education possible. As you know, it is simply impossible for the wholepopulation to receive education on campus. It is impossible economically or otherwise. And this

57、is where the greatestadvantage of E-education lies. It offers mass education and education for lifetime.W: Can you briefly tell us the history of Chinas E-education, Professor Gu?M: E-education in China started eight years ago when the Internet technology began to prevail.People realized that the In

58、ternet technology was more powerful than TV, because it really created the opportunities forstudents to interact with teachers and among themselves. In 1996 or later than that, the Ministry of Education initiateda piloting project using the Internet technology to promote education.W: My understandin

59、g is that an online education project may involve a large amount of money and yet most investorswould expect a quick return for their investment, so how did you solve that problem?M: This is the lesson that lots of investors have to learn from this initial investment into online education program.In

60、itially, they thought it might be possible to have a quick return of cashafter the investment for one or two years. It is a misconception of online education. Sometimes,I used a metaphor of building a supermarket. If you want to build a supermarket, first of all,you have to have these infrastructure