自考国际商务英语学科考试复习要点

1、1国际商务英语学科考试复习要点Less on 1 Intern atio nal Busin ess商务术语：FDI GDP BOT pate nt copyright value chain fran chisi ng （紫色书 10-11 页）考点：国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of intern ati onal bus in ess ）A.Trade （贸易）：a. commodity trade （商品贸易，也叫有形贸易 visible trade ）b. service trade （服务贸易，也叫无形贸易 in visible trade）B.Investmen

2、t （投资）:a. foreign direct investment （FDI 外国直接投资）b. portfolio investment （证券投资 ）C.Other types （其他类型）:a. licensing and franchising （国际许可与特许经营）b. man ageme nt con tract and con tract manu facturi ng （管理 合同和承包生产）翻译练习：1.随着经济全球化的发展，无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增 大With the developme nt of econo mic globalizat

3、io n, in visible trade accounts for an in creas ingproportion of the world trade even in the develop ing coun tries2.BOT 是 交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turn key projectLess on 2 In come Level and the World Market商务术语：GNP PPP （ purchasing power parity 购买力平价）Staple goods （大路货）credit

4、or country （债权国）（紫色书 25 页）考点：国民生产总值和国内生产总值（GNP 和 GDP）GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by thereside nts of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced with in the geographic area of aneconomy.Per capita in

5、come （ 人均收入）:It is calculated by dividi ng its n ati on al in come by its populati onTriad and Quad （三方组合和四方组合 ）:A. Uni ted StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. Canada2翻译练习：1.国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入，在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。GNP and GDP indicate a country total income. They can be used interchangeably to measu

6、re thelevel of its n ati onal in come.2.欧盟作为三方组合的一个分支，在使我们的市场多元化方面起着相当重要的作用EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an importa nt role in the respect of diversifyi ng our marketLess on 3 Regi onal Econo mic In tegrati on商务术语：tariff rates（关税率） settlement （协议） cartel （卡特尔）free trade areaNAFTA（North American Fre

7、e Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定）紫色书 41 页考点：1.地区一体化的主要目标（Major objectives of regio nal in tegratio n）To better enjoy the ben efit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, at thesame time possibly put up barriers to econo mic activities with non-members2.地区经济一体化的四个层次（Four levels

8、 of regio nal econ omic in tegrati on）A.Free trade area（自由贸易区）-经济一体化程度低，内部团结，但各成员对外采用各自 的贸易政策B.Customs Union （关税同盟）-所有成员对外都实行相同的贸易政策C.Common market （共同市场）-共同的对外政策，生产要素也在各成员国间流动D.Economic union（经济联盟）-经济一体化程度最高，共同的对外政策，生产要素也.在各成员国间流动，统一协调各国在经济金融领域的国内政策,统一货币3.掌握 EU （欧洲联盟）,APEC（亚太经济合作组织）.OPEC （石油输出国组织）翻

9、译练习：1.共同市场具有使商品，服务，劳动力甚至资本，技术在各成员国之间自由流通的特点 .The com mon market is characterized by the free flow of capital and tech no logy besides goods,services and labor.2.欧盟是一个机构齐全的实体，其历史可以追溯到 1952 年.The Europea n Union is a full-fledged en tity, whose history dates back to 1952.Less on 4 Econo mic Globalizat

10、i on商务术语：Shareholders （股东），board of directors （董事会），parent company （母公司），affiliate （子公司）， day-to-day running （日常管理），mult in ati onal corporati on （跨国公司），home3country （母公司所在国），host country （东道国）紫色书 63-64 页考点：1.经济全球化的基本特征和优劣势：A.Basic feature : a. free flow ofcommodity , capital,tech no logy , service

11、and in formatio nb. optimized allocation of resources （资源优化配置）B.Adva ntages and n egative impacts:Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic developmentb. mutual ben efits from econo mic boomsNegative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the glo

12、balb. not bala need ben efits3.跨国公司（mult in ati onal corporati ons）A.organization-parent and affiliates （组织-母公司与子公司 ）B.features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread （广阔的地域分布 ）c. needs ,goals and roles 需要,目标和作用 ）:profits, securityC.four types: a. multi-domestic corporati onb. global corporat

13、i onc. transn ati onal corporatio nd. world compa ny4.翻译：a.经济全球化使得各国经济更容易受到全球各地不利事件的伤害。Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse eventsacross the globe.b.安全对任何一个跨国企业而言都极为重要，因为没有安全，跨国企业组织的生存便无法保证。Security is extremely importa nt to any MNE because without i

14、t, an MNE survival can n ever beassured.Lesson 5-6In ternatio nal Trade （1） （2）商务术语：services（劳务）, primary commodities（初级产品）, absolute advantage（绝 对 利 益）, comparativeadvantage （比较禾 U 益） , quota （配己额） , customs union （关税同盟） , ad valorem duty （从价税） ,specificduties（从量税）,drawback（退税）,MFN（最惠国待遇）,non-tarif

15、f barrier（非关税壁垒）.紫色书：90 页 110 页考点：1.国际贸易的定义（definition）:It refers to the excha nge of goods and services produced in one country with those producedin ano ther42.国际贸易的两个缘由（Two reaso ns for in ternatio nal trade）a.the uneven distributi on of n atural resources among coun ernational speciali

16、zation（国际专业化）3.国际专门化的两个理论（Two theories for intern atio nal specializati on）a.The theory of absolute advantage（绝对禾 U 益理论 ）:a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least i n terms of resources（capital, la nd, and labour）b.The theory of comparative advantage（相对对利益理论 ）:Even if a count

17、ry is less efficient than another in the production of producing bothcommodities, there is still a basis for mutually ben eficial trade.4.关税壁垒和非关税壁垒（tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers）a.tariff barriers: export duty（ 进口税）,import duty（出口税）,-specific duties从量税ad valorem duty.从价税Compou nd duty 混合税b

18、.non-tariff barriers: quotas-the most com mon form of non-tariff barriers5.翻译练习a.比较优势理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石Comparative adva ntage has become the corn erst one of moder n thi nking on intern ati onaltradeb.关税壁垒是限制贸易最常见的形式Tar 肝 barriers are the most com mon forms of trade restrictio n.Less on 7 In coterms 2

19、000商务术语：EDI （电子数据交换），customers clearanee （结关）,dispatch （发运）,ICC （国际商会）Roll-o n-roll-off（滚装滚卸）,in coterms （国际贸易通则），FOB（起运港船上交货价）,CFR （成 本加运费价）,CIF （成本加运费加保险费价）紫色书 132-133 页考点：1.国际贸易术语解释通则的必要性和目的Thenecessity and purpose of havi ng In cotermsThe purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international

20、 rules for the most commonly used tradeterms in foreig n trade and avoid un certa in ties of differe nt in terpretati ons of such terms in differe ntcoun tries.3.三个最常用术语（The three most com monly used terms）FOB: Free on Board装运港船上交货CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加运费5CIR: Cost, Insuranee and Freight 成本，保险费，加

21、运费翻译练习：a.折扣是指卖方按照商品的原价给买方以一定比率的价格减让Disco unt mea ns that sellers offer to buyers a certa in perce ntage of reduction on the origi nalprice.b.买卖双方在制定合同时，如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照，他们就肯定能简单可靠地确定各自的责任If, whe n drawing up their con tract, buyer and seller have some com monly un derstood rules tospecifically refer

22、 to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.Less on 8 Busin ess Con tract商务术语：Inquiry（询盘,询价）,quotation（报价单）,validity period（有效期）,offer（发盘）,counter-offer（还盘） ,offeree（收盘人）,sales confirmation（销售确认书）,Consignment（寄售）,fore majeure（不可抗力）,busi ness line（业务范围）,con t

23、ract proper（合同正文）,article number（货号）.紫书 150-151 页考点：1. 合同的定义（definition）A con tract is an agreeme nt which sets forth binding obligatio ns of the releva nt parties2.谈判过程及签定合同 （the process of n egotiati onand the con clusi on of the con tract） inquiry- quotati on- offer and accepta nee-coun ter-offer

24、3. 合同的种类（The types of con tracts）a. sales con tractb. purchase con tractc. sales con firmati on4.合同的构成 （the sett ing up of a con tract）a.the title （合同名称）b.the contract proper（合同正文）c.The sig nature of the contracting parties（缔约双方签字 ）d.The stipulations on the back of the contract（合同背面的规定）翻译练习：a.在实盘情况下

25、，我们通常保留有效期三天In case of firm offers, we usually keep our offers ope n for three days6Less on 9 Modes of Trade商务术语：Counter trade （对销贸易） ,hyperinflation （极度通货膨胀） ,Reichstock（德国国家银行） ，protectionism（贸易保护主义），Clearing system（票据交换制度）,net positions（净头寸）,compensation trade（补偿贸易）,barter（易货贸易）,counter purchase（

26、互购贸易）Buyback（回购贸易）,centrally planned economies（中央计划经济国家）,processing trade（加工贸易）,con sig nment（寄售贸易），leasi ng trade（租赁贸易）,auti on（竞卖/拍卖）,age ncy（代理）174-175 页 考点：1对销贸易的主要优点 （major adva ntages of coun ter trade）a. help ing to deal with foreig n excha nge shortagesb. promoti ng exportsc. reduci ng un ce

27、rta inty regard ing export receiptsd. bypassing international price agreemente. help ing coun tries with debt problems to import goods3.对销贸易的缺点（the drawbacks of counter trade）a.very risky bus in ess （con ceal the real prices and costs of tran sact ions）b.Compa nies may suffer losses because they cou

28、ld not get rid of products of poor qualityc.a form of proctect ionism翻译练习a.互相捆绑”是易货贸易，回购贸易和互惠贸易的共同特征aBundling isthe feature com mon to barter, coun ter purchase and buyback.b.作为一种捆绑贸易，对销贸易一般是在成熟市场经济国家和市场机制不完善的国家间发 生的贸易As a type of bun died trade, coun ter trade gen erally takes place betwee n mature

29、 market econo miesand econo mies with imperfect market in stituti on.Less on10 Intern ati onal Payme nt商务词汇：debtor（债务人）,debit（收方 /借方）,financial standing（财务状况）,credit worthiness（信誉）, periodicpayment（分期付款）,cash in advanee（预付现金）,usanee draft（远期汇票）,documentary draft（跟单汇票） ,clean draft （光票） ,documentary

30、collection （跟单托收） ,D/P （付款交单） ,D/A （承 兑交单） .194-195页考点：1.国际贸易支付的复杂性 （the complexity of payme nt in intern ati onal trade）:Mutual trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercialrisks etc.2.在一定条件下的两种支付方法：a. cash in adva nee or partial cash in adva ne

31、e （预付现金和部分预付现金 ）7b. open account（记账交易）3.汇票（the draft/ bill of exchange）a.defi niti on: an uncon diti onal order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to some one ondema nd or at a fixed time in the futureb.sign draft and usa nee draft （即期汇票和远期汇票）c.clean draft（光票：汇票不附单据）and documentary draft（

32、跟单汇票：随同汇票一起的有相关 的单据，如提单,发票,保险单）4.跟单拖收（docume ntary collecti on）a.D/P: 付款交单:documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effectedb.D/A: 承兑交单:documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptanee of the bill of excha ngedraw n by the exporter翻译练习：a.许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令A

33、 lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bank or acustomer to payb.即期汇票要求受票人见到汇票后立即付款A sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Lesson11-12 Credit （1）,（2）商务术语：Applicant （申请人）, opening bank（开证行）, corresponding bank（关系行）,

34、advising bank（通 知行） ,confirming bank （保兑行） .Reimburse （付款） ,unit price （单价） ,partial shipment （分 批装运） .Cleancredit（光票信用证）,revocable credit（可撤消信用证）,irrevocable credit（不可 撤消信用证）.Maturity（到期日，偿还日） ,capital turnover （资金周转率 ） ,face value （面值） , discount （贴现） ,deferred payment（延期付款）,revolving credit（循环信用证

35、）.紫色书 220 页 345 页考点：1信用证独特的具有代表性的特征The bilateral security 双边保证2.信用证的相关当事人及其在信用证业务中的作用-联系淘宝的例子A. the applicant （开证）B. the opening bank（开证行）C. the advising bank（通知行）D. the negotiating bank（议付行）E. the confirming bank（保兑行）84.信用证的局限性（limitation）a.in ability to provide absolute securityb.being more expe n

36、sive tha n other forms of payme nt 翻译练习1.信用证的目的是通过银行信誉为国际支付提供便利The objective of an L/C is to facilitate inter nati onal payme nt by means of the creditworthness ofthe bank.2.信用证极大地方便并促进了国际贸易，然而它并不能给缔约双方提供绝对安全The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted intern atio nal trade. However, it

37、 can notprovide absolute security for the con tract ing parties.Less on13 Major Docume nts Required in World Trade商务术语：Docume nts（单据）,take delivery of（提货）,bill of ladi ng（提单）.Con sig nee（收获人）,air bill（空运提单）,cargo receipt（铁路运单）,commercial invoice（商业发票）,certificate of quality（ 品 质证书）.Insuranee policy（

38、保险单）紫色书上 269 页考点：1,主要单据 （major types of docume nts）a. commercial in voice 商业发票b. packing list 装相单c. the bill of ladi ng 提单d. i nsura nee policy and in sura nee certificate 保险单和保险证书e. various certificate 其它各种证书翻译练习：1.提单的签发日期绝不能晚于信用证所规定的时间The date whe n the bill of ladi ng is issued can by no means be

39、 later tha n that stipulated in the credit2.货物一装上船，请即电告收发人You are requested to no tify the con sig nee by cable as soon as the goods are shipped.Lesson14 International Transportation商务术语：Finished products（制成品） ,deregulation （撤消管制规定） ,productivity （生产率） ,cost econo mies（成本节约）,in termediate products（中

40、间产品）,n atural product provi nces（产品自然领 域）,Inventory（存货，库存）,freight transportation（货物运输）紫色书 292 页考点：1.五种主要运输方式The five major modes of tran sportati onWater ,rail, truck, pipeli ne, and air92.改变运输业的四大因素The four factors that are substa ntially cha nging tran sportati ona. tran sportati on deregulati on

41、b. just-i n-time inven tory systemsc. competiti on based on high level of customer serviced. globalizati on of bus in ess翻译练习：a. 在当前市场竞争十分激烈的情况下，出口商必须加快货运，以快取胜At a time when competition is fierce, exporters can beat their competitors by speeding up shipme nt.b. 运输对工业社会的发展和运行起着至关重要的作用Tran sportati on

42、 is fun dame ntal to the developme nt and operati on of an in dustrial society.Less on 15-16 In sura nee （1）, （2）商务术语：Insured（保户）,Insurer（承保人）,margin（保险金）,underwriter（保险商）,pool（共同款项）,cargoin sura nce （运输保险） ,marine in sura nce （海上保险） ,indemni ty （赔偿） ,ruin （损失） ,in surable interests（可保险权）,principle

43、of utmost faith（ 最大诚信原则）,forwarding charge（远期费用）紫 色书 307,322页考点：1. 保险的定义（definition）It can be defined as a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds con tributed by all members who tran sferred risk2. 保险的三个主要原贝 U （Three main prin ciples

44、 of in sura nee）a. in surable in terestb. utmost good faithc. indemnity两个辅助原贝 U （two sub-pri nciple of in sura nee）a. con tributi onb. suborgati on翻译练习：a. 货物保险通常有火险，海上保险和意外事故保险Cargo insurance in cludes fire, marine and accide nt in sura nee.b. 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的所赔都不会受理An in sura nee con tr

45、act without an in surable in terest to support it is in valid and any claim madeupon it will not be en terta ined10Less on 17 The Intern ati onal Mon etary System and Excha nge Rate11商务术语：Change of rate （汇率）,gold standard （金本位）,reserve currency （储备货币）, clean float（自由浮动），dirty float （有干预浮动），discount

46、（贴现），medial rate （中间价） 考点：1 汇率 （ exchange rate ）A fixed exchange rate Bflexible exchange rate C major factorsinfluencing exchange rate ： a international balance of paymentb. inflationc. interest rateD. Common measures for intervention in exchange ratea. buying or selling foreign currencyb. raising o

47、r lowering discount ratec. foreign exchange control翻译练习尽管国际收支账面平衡 ,但在有错误与遗漏项目时, 差额是非常庞大的 ,每一项都会有盈余或赤字,如果在 3 年或 5 年期间盈余抵消了亏损 .则仍然认为国际收支是平衡的。While the balance of payment is always in accounting balance ， the odds are astronomical that it wouldbe so without the statistical discrepancy item. There would be a surplus or a deficit in almost every case,but the balance of payment would nevertheless be considered in equilibrium if over three-to-five yearperiod the surpluses more or less canceled out the deficits.从 18-20 课 ,商务术语请参照紫色书上每课后面的商务词汇复习,记一些常见的Lesson 18 International Fi