Present Perfect Tense： 一：现在完成时的主要用法：

1、电大英语（二）黄冈广播电视大学 程银枝1.Prefect Perfect Tense 1)已完成：从过去到现在这段时间内完成而对现在有影响的动作或状态。常与already/just/so far/in the past few years/yet等状语连用。例：He has come. a.过去某一时侯来。b.他现在还在这。2）未完成：从过去某一时间开始并一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since，for等引出的状语连用以及延续性动词be/work/teach等连用。例：He has taught English for twenty years./since1980.但注意：现在完成时这一用

2、法不适用于非延续性动词。如：come/die/buy/go/become等。二：现在完成时的特殊用法：n1）可以用在时间和条件分句中，表将来某时以前已经完成的动作。 n例：Ill come home as soon as Ive finished my lesson.)n2）“Its time/time/day/month(that)结构中”,that分句中的动词用现在完成时。n例:Its the third time (that) youve come late.n3)“This/It is+形用词最高级 +名词”后的从句中，用完成时。例：This is the first film I h

3、ave ever seen.三：现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；n用过去时说一件事情，一般情况并不暗示和当前有什么联系，它只是指这件事情发生在过去某一时间。就这一点而言，现在完成时恰恰相反，因为现在完成的主要用途是说明现在还存在的过去某一动作的结果。n试比较：na.He has lost his key.（还没找着）nb.He lost his key.（可能后来找着） 现在完成进行时n现在完成进行时：动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在还在进行或结束。（一般用于延续性动词。构成：have/has been+v-ing例：Ive been teaching English for twenty yea

4、rs.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别n1。在表示一段时间的状语连用时，两种时态可互用。n例：a.We have been teaching English for twenty years. n b.We have taught English for twenty years.n2.在不表一段时间状语的情况下，两种时态不可互用。n例：a.Ive done my homework.(已做完）n b.Ive been doing my homework.(还在做）Passive voicen1。定义： 语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是动作的执行者，则为主动语态；当主

5、语是动作的承受者，则为被动语态。n2。构成：被动语态由助动词be+动词的过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。n1）一般现在时：Is/am/are +动词的过去分词n2）现在进行时：Is/am/are+being+过去分词n3）一般过去时：was/were+过去分词n4）过去进行时：was/were+being+过去分词n5）一般将来时：be going to/will/shall +p.pn6)现在完成时：has/have +been +p.p.被动语态的用法n）当动作的执行者不愿说出，不必说出或无从说出说出，不必说出或无从说出时。如：时。如：nThe Great Hall of The Pe

6、ople was built in 1959.(人民人民大会堂建于年。）大会堂建于年。）n）当动作的承受者是谈话的中心，是突出强调和特）当动作的承受者是谈话的中心，是突出强调和特别注重的对象时。如：别注重的对象时。如：The order has been sent to you by post.(定货单已邮寄贵定货单已邮寄贵处。）处。）n）出于歉虚，礼貌，措词圆通，简练或微妙的感情等方面，而避免提及动作的执行者时。如：You are wanted on the phone.(有电话找您。） 4）在某些英语句字中，实际上没有直接的主动结构，总是用被动结构。如：Shakespeare was bo

7、rn in 1564.(莎士比亚出生于1564年。）He is said to be a great artist.(据说他是个大艺术家。）或译着：It is said that he is a great artist.(在用先行词 it 作形式主语，用 that 或其他连词引导的句子作主语从句的句型里，主句常用被动语态。It can be seen that ( 可以看出.)It is believed that (据信 )It is reported that （据报到 )It is said that （据说)It is suggested that（据建议)It is estimat

8、ed that（据估计.)3。主动结构变为被动结构的几种类型1）只有一个宾语的主动结构变为被动结构They did very little work that day.Very little work was done that day.2）含有动词短语的主动结构变为被动结构He takes very good care of the children.The children are taken very good care of by him.3）带双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构She showed us her photo.( We were shown her photo./Her ph

9、oto was shown to us.4)带复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构They elected him major. (He was elected mayor.) 注：在主动句中，make,see,hear feel,watch等动词后作宾语补足语的不定式不带 to,但变为被动结构时，就要带 to.如：I often hear him read English poems.He is often heard to read English poems.(常听见他朗诵英语诗歌。）Exercises:1.You may do that a little later.2.Did they d

10、o anything about it?3.He is painting the gate.4.They feed the pigs well.5.We have to do something to stop it.6.We have sent for the doctor.7.He will read the book next week.将来进行时n1。用法：1)表示将来某时或某时刻前一直进行的动作。 n构成：shall/will +be +v-ingn例：a.when you come back tonight,Ill be sleeping.(你今天夜里回来的时候，我一定睡觉了。）n

11、b.At this time tomorrow,we shall be flying over the Pacific.(明天这个时侯，我们将在太平洋上空飞行。）n2)它和一般将来时只有细微差别，在某些时侯可以互换，但用将来进行时比一般将来时显的委婉客气。如：nWhen will you come?/ When will you be coming?过去将来时n1。构成：1）would/should +动词原形(表“预见、意图、征求对方意见，表纯属客观的将来。）n 2）was/were going to +动词原形（表主观方面的“打算、准备”。）n 3）was/were +v-ingn 4)w

12、as/were to + 动词原形n 5） was/were about to +动词原形（“正要，刚要”发生的动作。n2。用法：表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情，n多用于宾语从句。nHe said (that) he would do his homework.将来完成时n1。构成：will/shall+have +p.p.n2.用法：表示将来某一时间之前已经完成或发生的动作。必须与时间状语连用。n例如：1) By the end of the month the workers will have built the bridge.n 2)Be quick,or the train wil

13、l have left by the time we get to the station.n n注：在 when 从句中，可以用现在完成时代替将来完成时:Ill pass on the book to her when Ive finished it.n这个时态有时用来表示一种揣测：nTheyll have arrived home by now. 过去进行时n1。构成：was/were +现在分词n2。用法：表示过去某一时间或某一段时间正在进行的动做。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。n例：It was raining hard when I left my office.n(注：用在时间状语从

14、句中，表示一个动作发生，另一个动作正在进行。） n1。构成：had+过去分词n2.用法：表示过去某一时间以前已经完成或发生的动作。既“过去的过去”，常after/before/by等状语连用。例：na.He didnt remember where he had put the key.nb.Before he got to the cinema ,the film had begun.nc.By the end of last month,we had learned twelve lessons. 直接引语和间接引语n1。间接引语：一字不改地引用别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的当我引用别人的话，叫间接引语。如：n直接引语：Li Ming said:Im not free.”n间接引语：Li Ming said he wasnt free.n2。直接引语变为间接引语n1）直接引语为成述句 （变间接引语时用that引导，引述动词常用say/tell等（注意直接引语在变为间接引语时要作相应的人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语、动词、指示代词等变化。2)直接引语为一般疑问句n直接引语为一般疑问句变间接引语时用if/whether引导，例：n“Do you live here?”he asked.nHe asked if I lived h