分析探讨工程造价管理五阶段

1、 分析探讨工程造价管理五阶段摘要：改革开放以来，随着建筑业的蓬勃发展。对工程造价控制管理水平要求也越来越高。做好建筑工程造价的实质是运用先进的科技手段与经营管理办法，来解决工程建设实际中出现的技术、经营管理、经济等问题。近些年来，我国对工程造价控制策略的研究越来越重视。在实际工程中，仍然有许多问题亟待解决。本文通过对建设工程造价的各个阶段进行分析，并提出了一些工程项目管理造价的控制策略，以供广大读者参考。Pick to: since the reform and opening, with the vigorous development of the construction industr

2、y. To control the engineering cost management level requirement also more and more high. Well the essence of the construction cost of the project is to use advanced technology and management methods, to solve practical technical engineering construction, operation and management, economic, and other

3、 issues. In recent years, the study of project cost control strategies in our country pay more and more attention to. In actual engineering, there are still many problems to be solved. This article through to construction at various stages of construction cost analysis, and put forward some project

4、management cost control strategies, for the readers reference. 关键词：工程造价；建筑工程；水平提升Key words: engineering cost; Construction project; Level of ascension 一、前言One, foreword 建筑工程造价控管与投资主体以及承包商的经济利益是紧紧绑在一起的。进一步说，在一定程度上关系着国家的利益。为了赶上建筑业的快速发展形式，必须提高我国目前的建筑工程管理水平，开发出有效的控制策略。在目前的工程造价管理体系中，存在着诸多制约工程造价管理水平的深层次问题

5、。因为它涉及的面比较广，包括决策、设计、施工、竣工等多个阶段。因此，相关改革成为了当前建筑业所关注的核心问题之一。为了适应社会主义市场经济的发展需要，以及与国际逐步接轨的趋势。如何行之有效地选择并控制工程投资，是项目建设的重点问题之一。Construction project cost control and investment main body and the economic interests of the contractor are closely tied together. Further, to a certain extent relations with nationa

6、l interests. In order to catch up with the rapid development of the construction form, must improve the level of China's current construction project management, to develop effective control strategy. In the present construction cost management system, there are many restricting the deep-seated

7、problems of engineering cost management level. Because it involves surface is wide, including decision-making, design, construction, completion, etc. Multiple stages. Therefore, related reforms become the current construction industry one of the core issues of concern. In order to meet the needs of

8、the development of socialist market economy, as well as the trend step by step with international standards. How to choose the effective and control the project investment, is one of the key problems of the construction of the project. 二、关于工程造价管理各个阶段的分析探讨Second, about the engineering cost management

9、 at various stages of analysis （一）工程造价管理的决策阶段(a) decision making stages of engineering cost management 一般来说，工程项目在开始之前都要进行一个综合决策分析。决策分析报告里包括应该包括项目建设的必要性，投资额度等等。决策分析评估报告的直接作用就是将项目工程造价实际费用控制在计划的额度内。In general, the project before you start to carry out a comprehensive decision analysis. Decision analysi

10、s included in the report should include the necessity of project construction, investment and so on. Direct effect of decision analysis evaluation report is the project construction cost effective cost control within the quota plan. 但是实际上，一部分建设单位没有预先做好相关评估准备就开工建设。因此在投资额度、设计深度以及建筑标准等方面都缺乏合理的措施，结果是在施工

11、的过程中不断变更设计，变更造价。最终可能造成许多不必要的损失。针对这种随意变更的行为也没有一个完善的监督管理制度，这使得造成损失的更改行为也没有相应责任制度进行约束。But in fact, part of the construction unit construction without assessment related to prepare in advance. Therefore in the investment, design depth and lack of reasonable measures in such aspects as construction stand

12、ards, the results are in the process of construction design changes unceasingly, the change cost. Could eventually cause a lot of unnecessary loss. In view of the behaviors of the optional change don't have a perfect supervision and management system, which makes the losses change behavior also

13、have no corresponding responsibility system constraints. 要对工程造价实行有效控制，需要将工程策划与设计阶段的造价控制作为重点。项目决策是否正确，意味着能不能应用相关的项目投资预测以及对策对项目建设做出科学的判断，制度出最优投资方案，让资源得到有效合理的配置，这样才能对工程造价进行合理的计算、评估。To implement effective control of engineering cost, you need to project planning and design phase of cost control as a pri

14、ority. Project decision-making is correct, can mean prediction and application related to the project investment measures make scientific judgment on construction projects, the system gives the optimal investment scheme, make resources get reasonable effective configuration, in this way can an reaso

15、nable calculation and evaluation of the project cost. （二）工程造价管理的设计阶段(2) the design phase of engineering cost management 工程造价控制的关键在于施工前的投资决策和设计阶段，在对项目做出投资决策后，控制工程造价的关键在于设计。明确概算控制指标，将技术指标与经济指标有机地结合起来，将经济指标的权重适度提高，改变过去只重技术指标，而忽视经济指标的评标办法。Before the project cost control is the key to the construction of

16、 investment decision-making and design stage, the project to make investment decisions, control the project cost is the key to design. Clear budget control indexes, the technical index and economic index organically, will be the weight of indicators moderate increase, change the past only technical

17、indicators, and ignore the economic indicators of evaluation method. 还要通过优化设计方案，从而有效控制工程造价。通过优化设计方案来控制投资是一个综合性问题，进行投资控制并非一味地减少投资，而是要依据项目的具体情况进行平衡和调节，既要鼓励采用先进的工艺和技术，又要防止投资扩大和超出。最好的方案不一定是造价最低的方案，不能片面强调节约投资，好的设计方案不仅应该技术先进、功能优越，而且其投资要有最优的性能价格比。Through the optimized design scheme, so as to effectively co

18、ntrol the project cost. By optimizing the design scheme to control the investment is a comprehensive, investment control, not blindly reduce investment, but to balance and adjust according to the specific conditions of projects, both to encourage the use of advanced techniques and technologies, and

19、to prevent the investment to expand and beyond. The best solution is not necessarily the lowest cost solution, not the one-sided emphasis on saving investment, good design should not only advanced technology, superior functionality, and its investment to have optimal price performance ratio. 还需尽可能地减

20、少设计变更。首先，应严禁通过设计变更擅自扩大建设规模、提高设计标准、增加建设内容，一般情况下不允许设计变更，除非不变更会影响项目功能的正常发挥；其次，认真对待必须发生的设计变更，及时核算有关设计变更的造价，对于有问题或者费用偏高的项目要慎重考虑，进行多方案比较，不能为了追求速度而忽视了质量。Still need to reduce the design change as much as possible. First of all, should be forbidden by design changes without authorization, expand the scale of

21、 construction and improve the design standard, increasing the construction content, under normal circumstances do not allow the design change, unless you don't change will affect the normal of the project; Second, the design change must occur, seriously timely accounting cost relating to the des

22、ign change, for there is a problem or project to reconsider cost on the high side, comparing many schemes, not the pursuit of speed and ignore the quality. 在设计时推行限额设计，即按照批准的设计任务书投资估算控制初步设计，按照批准的初步设计总概算控制施工图设计，把经批准的初步设计总概算作为拟建项目工程造价的最高限额。这是工程建设领域控制投资支出、有效使用建设资金的有力措施。它可以处理好技术与经济对立的关系，提高设计质量，扭转投资失控的现象。

23、在设计过程中运用价值工程原理，在保证建筑产品功能不变的前提下，不断优化设计方案，设计出更加符合要求的产品。价值工程还可以运用在方案选择、工程建材、结构选型、设备选型、施工组织设计以及工程造价审查等方面，这些方面的优化能明显提高经济效益。Implementation of quota design when the design, that is, according to the approved design plan descriptions of the investment estimation control the preliminary design, preliminary d

24、esign according to the approved general estimate control construction drawing design, the approved preliminary design general estimate as the proposed project cost limit. This is engineering construction field control investment spending, and a strong measure for the effective use of construction fu

25、nd. It can handle good antagonistic relationship between technology and economy, improve the quality of design, reverse investment out of control phenomenon. In the design process using the principle of value engineering, in guarantee under the premise of building products function unchanged, optimi

26、zing the design scheme, design more in line with the requirements of the product. Value engineering can also be used in the scheme selection, engineering construction materials, structural type selection, equipment selection, construction organization design and project cost review and so on, these

27、aspects of the optimization can significantly improve the economic benefit. （三）工程造价管理的招投标阶段(3) the bidding phase of engineering cost management 要严格遵守中华人民共和国招标投标法以及其它相关法律。按照公平、公正、公开、择优的原则进行公开招标，加强对招投标的监督；二是不断提高标底的编制质量和评标人员的业务素质；切实防止压标或低价抢标；三是严格禁止招标人员利用施工企业找活心切的特点，人为地要求施工企业压价让利和提出垫资施工等条件。四是标底的确定原则上应使得

28、招投标双方都有利可图，最终实现双赢的目的。We will strictly comply with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws. According to the principle of fairness, justice, public and merit of public bidding, to strengthen the supervision of bidding; 2 it is to constantly improve the pre-tender

29、 estimate of staffing and quality of evaluation personnel's service quality; To prevent the pressure or low bid; 3 it is strictly prohibited bidding personnel advantage of the characteristics of construction enterprise to find live eager, artificially requires construction enterprises demand a p

30、rice concession and mat endowment construction conditions is put forward. Four is the determination of pre-tender estimate are in principle should make bidding both profitable and ultimately achieve a win-win purpose. （四）工程造价管理的施工阶段(4) the project cost management of construction phase 在工程开工以前，应由设计、业

31、主、施工三方进行深入的图纸会审，把工作做到细致。将建筑与结构不符、施工技术不可行、各专业之间矛盾等问题解决在施工之前，将损失降到最低。尽量减少设计变更，慎重现场签证。建筑材料、设备费用可占工程造价的，而材料价差在工程价款调整中占有较大比重。因此，在对材料进行认价时，业主相关人员一定要货比三家，进行广泛的市场调研后再确定价格。Before the project starts, by design, the owner, the construction should be in-depth, the blue prints.the design to do the work carefully

32、. The building do not tally with the structure, construction technology is not feasible, the contradiction between the professional problems to solve before construction, will loss to a minimum. To minimize the design change and on-site visa carefully. Construction materials, equipment costs can acc

33、ount for the project cost, the materials price occupies large proportion in the construction price adjustment. When to recognize material price, therefore, the owner personnel must shop around, after extensive market research to determine the price. （五）工程造价管理的竣工阶段(5) the completion phase of the proj

34、ect cost management 工程完工后的结算的造价控制在建筑工程的造价中，普遍存在工程竣工后发现造价超出施工预算的现象，这也是当前我国工程造价中一大突出的问题。结算是工程竣工后一个非常重要的环节，通常通过结算提高造价控制要从以下几个方面入手：看签证单的内容是否符合设计图纸，核对各项开支是否合法合理，审查签证的内容是否属实；有没有把普通装饰工程当作专业装饰工程来施工，严格审核签订的合同，妥善处理结算纠纷。After project completion settlement of cost control in construction project's cost, uni

35、versal existence found after the completion of the engineering cost beyond the phenomenon of construction budget, this is also the current project cost a big problem in our country. Settlement is the project after the completion of a very important link, usually by settlement to improve cost control to obtain from the following several aspects: see visa single content is in line with the design drawings, check whether all the spending