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1、 3.特点:a.无被动句式; b.其疑问及否定句式的变化分两种情况:.含有“是 ” 类系动词的借助于“ be ”直接变化;.含有非“是 ” 类系动词的则借助于助动“ do, does, did ” ; e.g1).He is a good student. E.g2).She works hard.疑问句:Is he a good student? Does she work hard?否定句:He is not a good student. She doesnt work hard. c.有人称和数的变化(含有“是 ” 类系动词的变化规律同于“ be ”) ;.含有非“是 ” 类系动词的变

2、化规律同于实义动词。 e.g3).I am a teacher./She is a student./They are good boys./He was fine./We were out. e.g4).It seems a little dark./You look very tired./Their words sounded as if they had been here before.二.主谓句(即用句子做宾语,因位于宾语位置,故叫宾语从句)。 c.,如:She finds him a good job./They find him a good job.= fix sth. fo

3、r sb.为某人准备某物 get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物 make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物 order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物 pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物 prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物 save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物 sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for s

4、b. 为某人唱某物(歌) spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物 steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物三、有的动词后接的双宾语易位时,既可用介词to引出间接宾语,也可用介词for引出间接宾语,含义相同。如bring,play等: 1. Bring me todays paper. = Bring todays paper to for me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。 2. He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the recor

5、d he had just bought for to us. 他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。 四、有的动词后接的双宾语易位时,即可用介词to引出间接宾语,也可用介词for引出间接宾语,含义不同。如leave等: 1. They left me no food. = They left no food for me.他们没给我留一点食物。 2. My uncle left me a large fortune. = My uncle left a large fortune to me. 叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。 五、而有的动词后接双宾语时,既不能用介词to引出间接宾语,也不能用介词for引

6、出间接宾语。如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等: He allows his son too much money.他给他儿子的钱太多。 He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。 This caused me much trouble. 这给我带来了许多麻烦。He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误让他丢了工作。 I envy you your good

7、luck. 我羡慕你的好运。 They forgave him his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。 He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就给什么。 五.主谓复合宾语句1.构成:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语功能:表示主语的动作2.注意:.该句型的谓语动词须为可带复合宾语的及物动词,像使役动词、感官动词等(如:have 、let、 make 、see、 hear 、find、notice、ask等);.通常把“宾语+宾语补足语”合成为复合宾语;.可用作宾补的有: a.名词;b.代词(人称代词用宾格);c.形容词;d.副词(只能是趋向副词,如up、down、

8、in、 out、 off、 away等;但不能是带-ly的副词);e.不定式;f. -ing形式(当宾语与其为逻辑主谓关系且表示该动作正在或一直延续时);j. -ed形式(当宾语与其为逻辑动宾关系且表示该动作已经完成时);h.介词短语;如:I saw him enter the class-room then. He was seen to enter the class-room then.3.特点:a.主谓复合宾语句均有被动句式(变为被动句后宾语补足语则称为主语补足语;在主动语态中,使役动词和感官动词后由不定式作宾补时to要省略,而在被动句中则须加上to ); b. c.,如:He hea

9、rs a boy crying in the next room./We hear a boy crying in the next room. 附:1.除使役动词和感官动词外,常见能带“复合宾语”的有:call, name, make, elect, think, consider, keep, leave, find等。2. 同学们对下面两种句型常常混淆: 及物动词+宾语+名词宾补(即复合宾语) 及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(即双宾语) 我们讨论识别这两种结构的方法。请看下面的例子: They made him captain of the ship. She told the child

10、ren an interesting story. 在句中,him与captain之间在逻辑上有主语和表语的关系,即“He was captain.“句中him为宾语,captain为宾语补足语,两者合称“复合宾语”。 在句中,children与story之间的关系是及物动词与涉及到的人与物之间的关系。一般表示人的(children)为间接宾语,表示物的(story)为直接宾语,两者合称“双宾语”。可以看出,间接宾语与直接宾语在逻辑上没有主语与表语的关系,即不能说:“The children were story”,但可以改写成:“She told an interesting story t

11、o the children”,即间接宾语可以加介词to(或for)后置,而“复合宾语”不能。 综上所述,识别“复合宾语”和“双宾语”的方法有二: 其一,看宾语与它后面的词在逻辑上的关系,能改写为主语和表语关系的,是“复合宾语”;若不能,只是及物动词所涉及到的人与事物之间的关系,并且表示人的宾语可以加介词后置的,则为双宾语。 其二,英语动词在使用中要符合句型表达习惯。能充当宾语补足语的成分很多,如不定式、分词、形容词、介词结构、名词等。从上面例子可以看出,其中只有名词作宾补时,才有可能引起与“双宾语”结构相混。 以上五种句型为基本英语句型,以下各句型为人们习惯使用的此五种句型中的特例 。 注意

12、:注意: 六.There be 句型1.构成:There is /was/are/were+名词/代词功能:表示物与物间的存在关系2.注意:. There be 句型区别于have/has句型,前者表示物与物间的关系,即“某物有另一物”;而后者则表示人与物间的关系 ,既“某人有某物”,且There be句型不能与have/has混用,既不能说:There has a book on the desk.而应说:There is a book on the desk. 但,该句型也有其现在和过去完成句式,如:There has been a tower here for years.该句型中的be

13、有时可用一些半系动词(如:live、lie、stand、come、go等)代替以示形象,如:There stands a tall tree on the top of the hill. .该句型的反义疑问句中的附加部分须用is/are/was /were (not) there?3.特点:a. There be句型表状态,因此无被动句形式; b. 其疑问和否定形式的变化分两种情况:.含有be系动词的借助于“ be ”直接变化;.含有半系动词的则借助于助动“ do, does, did ” ; c.有人称和数的变化:该句型是一种倒装句式,be的单复数形式由其后的名词或代词的单复数形式要保持一

14、致;若be后有两个甚至两个以上的名词或代词时,be的单复数形式应与离be最近的名词或代词的单复数形式保持一致,如:There is a pencil-box、some books and a few cards in the bag. 另外,要注意下面的句式:There is+ =sb has/have+本句式中,若nothing之后或no choice之前谓语中有do的任一种形式时,but后不用to;否则,but后的不定式须带to. 如: e.g1). They can do nothing but leave .e.g2).We got nothing but to leave. Ther

15、e be 结构的其它用法nothing to do but go home.no choice but to go home.nothing to do but go home.no choice but to go home.There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 意为:干什么事情无意义。E.g1).There is no point (in) answering his silly questions. no doubt + that+(同位语从句)意为:某事毫无疑问。.There be + not any doubt + that+(同位语从句) 意为

16、:某事毫无疑问。 some doubt + whether+ (同位语从句) 意为:怀疑某事。e.g1).There will be no/not any doubt that he has come back.(他已回毫无疑问。) e.g2).There is still some doubt whether she has married.(她是否已婚尚有疑问。) sb + doubt + if/whether +(宾语从句)sb + (do/does/did/will) not + doubt + that+(宾语从句). There is no use(in)v-ing:毫无用处 .

17、There is no sense in v-ing:毫无道理. There is no need to v:没有必要 . There is no v-ing:不可能,无法 no trouble/difficulty/problems with sth .There be + some trouble/difficulty/problems (for sb) + not any trouble/difficulty/problems (in) doing sth .译为:(对某人来说),在(干)某事上有困难/麻烦/问题。 no trouble/difficulty/problems with

18、sth .=sb have/has/had+ some trouble/difficulty/problems + not any trouble/difficulty/problems (in) doing sth . There be与情态动词及含有情态意义的动词或短语连用 例如:He felt that there must be something wrong他感到一定是出了错儿。 There might be drinks if you wait a bit如果你等一会儿,可能会有酒。 There cant have been much traffic so late at nigh

19、t这么晚了,街上的车辆不会太多。 There oughtnt to be too great discrepancy in our views我们的看法不应该有太大的分歧。 英语中有些动词或短语具有一定的情态含义,我们称之为半助动词。There be句型中的谓语动词be可与这些半助动词连用,表达更为复杂的意念。能用于There be句型中的这类词语主要有:happen to(碰巧)、appear seem to(似乎)、be going to(将会)、used to(曾经)、have to(必须)、be likely to(很可能)、be bound to(必定)等。 例如:There hap

20、pened to be an old friend of mine in the club在那个俱乐部碰巧有我的一个老朋友。 There appear to be several reasons for changing our plans看来改变我们的计划有几个理由。 There used to be a cinema here before the war战前这里曾有一个电影院。 Is there going to be a dancing party tonight?今晚有舞会吗? There are bound to be obstacles for us to get over一定会

21、有障碍需要我们去克服。 . There be的复合结构及用法 There be结构也可以以不定式(there to be)、动名词(there being)和现在分词(there being)的形式出现在句子中,作主语、宾语或状语。这种复合结构形式中的there在形式上起着逻辑主语的作用,因此,不定式there to be前有时需加介词for,从形式上满足引出不定式逻辑主语的需要,而分词there being则具有独立主格结构的意味。例如:I dont want there to be any more trouble我不希望再有麻烦了。(作宾语) Whats the chance of th

22、ere being an election this year?今年举行大选的可能性有多大?(动名词作介词宾语) There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage离屋子这么近有一个汽车站,这太便利了。(动名词作主语) There being nothing else to do,we went home没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。(分词作状语) 七.带强调结构的强调句1.构成:It is/was + 被强调部分(可以是该句成份中除谓语外的任一成份)+ that /who + 剩余部分.功能:强调一个句子中(除谓语外)需

23、要强调的某一成份( 若强调句子的谓语,则要根据原句时态常用do/does/did + 动词原形形式)2.注意:.无论被强调部分为单数还是复数,该句型均只能以It开头,且该被强调部分应保持其在原非强调句中的形式不变,即若强调在原句中作主语的人称代词时,其在被强调位置时要保持其原主格形式不变(不能变为宾格形式);.当被强调部分属于人时,该句型中被强调部分后用who;当被强调部分属于除人外的其它时,该句型中被强调部分后均用that,但,当被强调部分虽为人而其后又有who引导的定语从句时,为避免重复,该句型中被强调部分后要用that(区别于以It开头的定语从句的引导词的用法);.若原句的事态为现在时态

24、(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等)和将来时态( 一般将来时、将来进行时和将来完成时等)时,该句型用It is开头;若原句的事态为过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时和过去完成时等)时,该句型用It was开头; .该强调句型的最大特点是:在去掉强调结构 “It is/was .that/who”后,所剩部分仍为一个完整句,即:“各个成份齐全,只不过被强调部分被提前了”,如:He visited me yesterday. It was yesterday that he visited me.(而It开头的定语从句在去掉相应结构后,所剩部分成份残缺,如:It is a

25、 place where/in which I used to live.本句不能用that,因为该句不是强调句,而是It开头的定语从句。).用强调句对“notuntil”时间状语进行强调时,须将主句中的not提到被强调的until时间状语前,同时主句变为肯定句;如:We didnt leave until he came.若要强调“until he came .”则为:It was not until he came that we left. .强调句与其它句型一样也有其否定句、疑问句及感叹句诸形式,如:It was an interesting book that she bought.

26、 否定句:It was not an interesting book that she bought.一般疑问句:Was it an interesting book that she bought ? 对an interesting book 提问的特殊疑问句:What was it that she bought? 感叹句为:What an interesting book it was that she bought ! 八.It is /has been+段时间+since+过去的时间点/一般过去时态的时间状语从句 特点: .当since后为过去的时间点或since后一般过去时态的时

27、间状语从句 的谓语动词是瞬间动词时,该句译为“自以来,已长时间了”;而since后一般过去时态的时间状语从句 的谓语动词是延续性动词时,该句译为“自不以来,已长时间了”; 如:e.g1).It is/has been five years since 2006/he left school. 译为:自2006年/他从学校毕业以来,已五年了。 e.g2).It is three years since you smoked (=stopped smoking). 译为:自你不抽烟/戒烟以来,已三年了。 .该句型一般指从过去截至到现在的情况,若要表示从过去某一时间点截至到过去的另一时间点的情况时,

28、则要用:“It was/had been +段时间+since+过去的时间点/一般过去时态的时间状语从句 ”,如:By 2010, it was/had been ten years since 2000/he went to Beijing. 九.It was/will be (not)+段时间/long before+时间点/一般时态的时间状语从句 was (not) 时间点(如:Christmas) will be(not) 时间状语从句注意:.当主句为肯定句时,该句译为:“再过多久才”,强调时间之长;否定句译为:“不久就”,强调时间之短; .before后跟时间状语从句时,该从句时态不

29、能用将来时态,应用相应的一般时态代替(即:要用一般将来时态时,应用一般现在时态代替;要用过去将来时态时,则应用一般过去时态代替),因为时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不能用将来时态;.before前既可以是具体的一段时间,也可是独词long。 如:e.g1).It was three days before they left.(过了三天他们才走。) e.g2).It was not three days before they left.(才过了三天他们就走了。)e.g3).It will be long before we see him again.(再过很久我们才能又看到他。) 十.动词不

30、定式的复合结构:It is/was + adj(形容词) + for/of sb to do sth. for of注意:.本句型中的It为形式主语代替置于句尾的真正主语动词不定式(to do sth),以保持句子平衡; .若本句型中的adj(形容词)是表示人的品质的形容词时,其后用of sb;若是表示其它的adj(形容词),则应用for sb.e.g1).It is very kind of you to help me with my English.e.g2).It is very important for us to learn English well. 十一.It is the

31、first time / second time that sb have / has done sth.译为:这是某人第一/二 次做某事.注意:.本句型表示截至到现在这是某人第几次做某事,句中的It也可换成This;若要表示截止过去某时是某人第几次做某事,则应用It was the first time/second time that sb had done sth,句中的It也可换成That; .本句型区别于表示“该某人做某事的时候了。”系列句型,若表示“该某人做某事的时候了。”,简单句用:It is/was (the) time for sth/doing sth.或It is/was

32、 (the) time (for sb) to do sth ;复合句常用虚拟语气表示,则用: (the) timeIt is + very/high time + that + about timee.g1).It is the first time that we have seen the real turkey.e.g2).It was the second time they had met then.e.g3).It is time for lunch now.e.g4).It is (the) time for us to go to school.e.g5).It is the

33、 high time that we went home.e.g6).It is about time that you should visit your parents. 十二.It is/was adj(形容词)/过去分词 that+(主语从句).注意:.本句型中的It为形式主语代替置于句尾的真正主语主语从句,以保持句子平衡; .主从句时态应保持一致,若从句的事态为现在时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等)和将来时态( 一般将来时、将来进行时和将来完成时等)时,该主句用It is开头;若从句的事态为过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时和过去完成时等)时,主句用I

34、t was开头; .当本句型中的形容词为important、necessary、 strange、 surprising、 funny、 natural等,或为动词advise, suggest, propose, recommend的过去分词时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气形式,即(should)+动词原形,should可以被省略。例如:e.g1).It is important that we (should)learn English well.e.g2).It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting tomorrow.e.g3).I t is

35、advised that everyone (should) try to work hard. 十三.It is/was said/reported/expected/believed/ hoped/thought/announced that sb do sth. 意为:据说/报道/料想/相信/希望/认为/宣告 某人要做/已做某事。注意:.本句型为一个主语从句,It为形式主语,that引导主语从句;.本句型常可转换为一个简单句,即: to do/to have done sth. to be done/to have been done.本句型区别于As is was said/repor

36、ted/expected/believed/thought/hoped/announced/ , sb/sth do/be sth.这是一个as引导的非限定性定语从句,as及其后的从句既可如前被置于句首,也可被置于句末,即: Sb /Sth do/be sth, as is/was said/reported/hoped/expected/thought/announced/ .且两句子由“ ,”相隔,as作为引导词代替了It,因此就不可能再有that(一种从句只能用一个关系词来引导).例如:e.g1).It is said that he will come back soon. 可转换为:

37、He is said to come back soon.e.g2).It is reported that they have finished building the house. 可转换为:They are reported to have finished building the house.e.g3).It was announced that a new shopping-center was opened here then. 可转换为:A new shopping-center was announced to be opened here then.e.g4).As is

38、 hoped ,a new shopping-center is opened here now. 十四.sb/sth + think/find/hope/believe/feel + sb/sth+ adj(形容词)/nun/pro.(作宾补).注意:.本句译为“某人(某物)认为(发现/希望 )某人(某物)怎么样(是什么/谁)”;.本句型是一个简单句,但常可被转换为一个复合句,即宾语从句,转换时要注意其具体变化:要使从句的时态与原句时态保持一致,在将原句的宾语变为从句的主语时,须将其原宾格形式变为主格形式(若为人称代词),且要使从句的谓语单复数形式与其主语的单复数形式相一致。如: e.g1)

39、. We found them angry.可转换为:We found (that) they were angry. e.g2).Our teacher believe him a good boy. Our teacher believe (that) he is a good boy. 十五.It occurs to sb that (主语从句).注意: .本句译为:“(使)某人突然想起 ”,It为形式主语,that引导的主语从句为真正的主语被置于句末,以保持句子平衡; . 本句型无被动语态,也可说:sth occur to sb (某事被想到/出现在大脑中),如: e.g1).It o

40、ccurs to me that I have lots of clothes to wash today. e.g2).A wonderful idea occurred to him soon. 十六. hardly when / no sooner than 注意: .本句译为:“一 就 ”,主句须用过去完成时,而从句须用一般过去时,且要配套使用,即:hardly 后要用when;而no sooner后要用than; . 本句型区别于as soon as/the moment/the instant/immediately/directly/instantly等,上述诸短语或词语在引导时

41、间状语从句时也译为:“一 就 ”,但其主句常用将来时或一般过去时,而其从句常用一般时(不用将来时); .当hardly/no sooner被提前时,主句要实行将had提到主语前的倒装。如:e.g1).We had hardly finished our homework when the teacher came in. e.g2).She had no sooner left than we saw her. e.g3).I will tell him the news as soon as/the moment/immediately I see him. e.g4).Hardly had

42、 I reached the station when the train left. e.g5).No sooner had they spoken to us than they arrived. 十七.几个主动形式表示被动意义的常用句式 1.sth need/require/want doing(=to be done).译为:“某物需要做。” (主语须为物) e.g1).My bike needs repairing(=to be repaired). doing=sth be worthy of being done.(某事值得一做。) some money.(某物值多少钱。) e.

43、g1).The film is worth seeing/worthy of being seen. e.g2).The book is worth ten yuan. 3.sb has/have/had sth to do.译为:“某人有某事要(自己)做。” 若表示:“某人有某事要(别人)做。” ,则要用sb has/have/had sth to be done.如:e.g1).I must go home , because I have lots of exercise to do today. e.g2).He is leaving for Xian , do you have anything to be bought (by him)? 4.sth be adj(形容词) to do.译为:“某事做起来如何如何(简单/困难/舒适)。” e.g1).The question is difficult to answer. e.g2).The house is big enough to live in.(若不定式为不及物动词,其后介词不能省略)

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