Grammar非谓语语法分析

1、非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词讲解Nonfinite Verbs 什么是非谓什么是非谓 语动词啊？语动词啊？ “非谓语非谓语非谓语非谓语”, ,就是不是谓语的动词就是不是谓语的动词呗呗! !那不是谓语那不是谓语是什么呢？是什么呢？。英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构如果出现更多动词： 加连词（and / but / so） 放入从句 变为非谓语动词 主语、谓语主语、谓语.宾语、定语、状语、补语宾语、定语、状语、补语 主主 谓谓 宾宾 定定 状状 补补The famous doctor give birth to a babyhelped the pregnant womanlast Friday.toTh

2、e pregnant womanto give birth to a babywas helped last Friday.定定状状补补主主非谓语动词动名词动名词分词分词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词动词不定式动词不定式1.谓语动词：谓语动词：概述：概述：2. 非谓语动词：非谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词在句子中担任谓语的动词 是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分作除谓语外的所有成分1 The teachers sitting there are from other schools.表语表语2 We saw some teachers sittin

3、g there. 宾语补足语宾语补足语3 We need to be active in class. 宾语宾语谓语谓语宾语宾语主语主语定语定语连系动词连系动词非谓语动词大都可在句中作主非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等定语、状语等. 4.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 5.I want to see you. 6.I want him to see you. 7.My hope is to see you. 8.He is the man to see you. 9.Im glad

4、 to see you. 10.I went to see you. 11.He went so early as to see you（作主语）（作主语）(作宾语）作宾语）（作宾补）（作宾补）(作表语）作表语）（作定语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）（作结果状语） 12.Swimming is his favourite sport. 13.He enjoys swimming. 14.I found him swimming in the river. 15.His favourite sport is swimming. 16.He is

5、 the man swimming in the river just now. 17. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.动词不定式（动词不定式（The Infinitive）一一. 动词不定式的基本构成：动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成 肯定式：肯定式：to do sth 否定式：否定式：not to do sth. 被动式：被动式：to be done 完成式：完成式：to have done进行式：进行式：to be doing 完成被动式：完成被动式：to have been done二二. 动词

6、不定式的句法作用法动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式有副词，形容词和动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成分。语定语、状语等成分。动词不定式动词不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish。I want to see you this eveningAll you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.I wa

7、rned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补(1)作主语作主语 不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.注：注：常用常用it做形式主语，将做形式主语，将to do放在谓语放在谓语之后，使句子保持平衡。之后，使句子保持平衡。句型句型1：It + 谓语谓语 + to doIt takes us an hou

8、r _ get there by bus.句型句型2：Its + n. + to doIts our duty _ help the poor. It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in the mountains句型句型3：It is+ adj + for/of sb + to do sth.It is + adj + for sb to do sthIt is + adj + of sb to do sth（是形容人的品质的是形容人的品质的 ）（是形容事物的性质的是形容事物的性质的 ）It is easy for me to finish

9、 this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party. It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.You are very kind to give me some help.you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.常见动词有：常见动词有：口诀：想要决定同意，希望

10、许诺选择口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择 want, decide, hope, agree, choose, wish, need ,promise(2)作宾语作宾语 I want to know this matter.like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, prefer, forget, mean, prepare, pretend, continue, start, afford, hate等等I dont expect to m

11、eet you here.1).接不定式做宾语接不定式做宾语2). 常跟疑问词常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语的动词: tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain know, show, discover, see(understand) He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book. I hope youll advise me what to do.I dont know how

12、to get there.I havent decided whether to go or stay. 1. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest3. Remember _ the lights when yo

13、u leave the office.A. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off(3)作宾语补足语作宾语补足语(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)1. Mother told me _ come back before 10 oclock. 2. Ill get someone _ repair the recorder for you. 3. What caused him _ change his mind? 4.I wish you _ come as soon as p

14、ossible. 5. He asked me _do the work with him. obligeblad Eg: I often hear them (sing) this song. Did you notice anyone (come )in ? I would have him (wait) for me for a long time. Look at the horse jump. 注意：注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态当这类动词转为被动语态时，时， 其后的不定式则要加上其后的不定式则要加上“ to” 如：如： He is often heard _ the song. H

15、e was seen _ the room. to singto enter3. it作形式宾语作形式宾语I find/feel to work with him interesting I find/feel it interesting to work with him注意：注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把把不定式宾语不定式宾语放在宾语补足语放在宾语补足语之后之后，而用，而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。 Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it +adj/n + to do st

16、h. 1.We thought _ better _ start early. 2.Do you consider _ better not _ go?3. I feel _ my duty _ change all that. 4.We think _ important _ obey the law.5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。 1.Let me _(help) you _ (water) the flowe

17、rs.2.Little Sandy would love _(take) to the cinema this evening. 3. Though he often made his deskmate _(cry), today he was made _(cry) by his deskmate.4. I saw him _ into the small store.A. wentB. goingC. to goD. has gone5. Tell the boy _ out of the window.A. not to look B. to not lookC. dont lookD.

18、 not look help(to)waterto takecryto cry (4).不定式作定语不定式作定语 I have something to tell you. 不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today? Do you have anything to be washed today? (区别主被动）区别主被动）不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is

19、the last to leave the room.不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in. 1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A. to live inB. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2. Would you please pass me the knife _?A. to cut the fruit withB. to cut the fruit C. cutting the fruitD

20、. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say. Please find a piece of paper （写上）（写上）.4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen （写）（写）.to write onto write with注意：注意： 如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：如： He is looking for a room to live in Please give me a

21、 knife to cut with(5)作状语作状语表示目的、原因、结果或条件。表示目的、原因、结果或条件。I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe hurried to the school to find nobody there . To look at him，you would like him(目的目的) (原因原因)(结果结果) (条件条件) She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock to see the rising

22、sun. A. to have restedB. resting C. to rest D. restC You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having doneD They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. growB. grew C. was growingD. to grow Iv

23、e heard him _ about you often. A. talkedB. talks C. talkD. to talkAC mean to do doingn If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again. (06湖南湖南) A. gets B. got C. to get D. gettingD打算做打算做 意味着意味着 动名词（动名词（gerund）一一. 动名词的基本构成动名词的基本构成主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式do

24、ingbeing done完成式完成式having donehaving been done二二. 动名词的性质动名词的性质动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰I hope you dont mind my saying it.2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语Are you for or against having the meeting.I insisted on leaving at once.三三.动名词的功用动名词的功用

25、1.可作主语可作主语Seeing is believingReading newspapers can increase our knowledge. no use no good no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous There is no + doing.It is no use crying.It is no good objectingLooking after the patients is a nurses job.Its dangerous playing with fire.It

26、s a waste of time copying others homework.There is no joking about the matter.2.可作宾语可作宾语 S. + vt.+ doingHave you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：这类动词有：避免错过避免错过 (少) 延期延期 avoid miss delay/postponepostpon 建议完成建议完成

27、 (多) 练习练习 suggest / advise finish practise喜欢想象喜欢想象 禁不住禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist/cant help承认承认 否定否定 (与) 嫉妒嫉妒 admit deny envy逃脱逃脱 冒险冒险 (莫) 原谅原谅 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse忍受忍受 保持保持 (不) 在意在意 stand keep / keep on mind注：在动词注：在动词advise, allow, advise, allow, forbid(forbid(禁止禁止) )，perm

28、itpermit（允许）（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如不定式。例如 We dont allow people to fish here. 我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。 People are not allowed to fish here. 人们不准在这儿钓鱼。人们不准在这儿钓鱼。 prefer.to. look forward to be used to put off give up S. + keep on + doing succeed in cant help f

29、eel like be busy be worth have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)作介词作介词/短语动词的宾语短语动词的宾语:S. + v. + prep. + doinge.g.She sat there without (speak)I look forward to (see) him again.Are you used to (live) there alone?When my father heard the news, he couldnt help (laugh).I dont feel like (go) to see the fil

30、m.He was busy (prepare) his lessons.主动表被动主动表被动: want (需要) need (需要) require (需要) Sth. + + doing be worth (值得)使用动名词作宾使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形语时，用主动形式表达被动含义式表达被动含义to be done使用不定式作使用不定式作宾语时，依然宾语时，依然用被动形式表用被动形式表达被动含义达被动含义 The room wants (clean). The method needs (improve). This pair of shoes require (mend). The p

31、roblem needs (work out). The question is well worth (discuss)1.worth adj&n.值得,应该sb./sth. be worth. be worth doing值得做. 2.worthy adj&n.值得.的be worthy of+n.be worthy of being done值得做. be worthy to be done值得做. 动词动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示后接动名词表示“习习惯性动作惯性动作”，后接不定式表示，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作心理或一

32、次具体动作”。当用在当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式之后时，只跟不定式。例如：。例如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？你今晚上想吃什么？Stop；forget；try；Mean；go on；Others Examples四.动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或物主代词或 名词所有格来表示名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑

33、上的主这个动名词逻辑上的主语语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语1).物主代词物主代词 / 名词所有格名词所有格 + 动名词动名词 在句中作主语在句中作主语: Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Do you mind my smoking? Do you mind my reading your paper? Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Roses going wont be of much help. 2).人称代词宾格人称代词

34、宾格 / 名词名词 + 动名词动名词 在句中作宾语在句中作宾语: Im sure of him coming on time. He has never heard of a woman being a pilot. I dont mind Jack (him) going. She hates young people (them) smoking.分词：分词：Participles一一 分词的概述分词的概述1. 分词是分词是“非谓语动词非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现现 在分词（在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（）和过去分词（P

35、ast Participle）。）。 2. 现在分词：现在分词：doing 过去分词：规则动词过去分词：规则动词 V+ed 不规则动词不规则动词 3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。现在分词与过去分词的区别：现在分词与过去分词的区别：1.语态上：语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动Do you know the woman talking to Tom?The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.2.

36、 时态上：时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成Developing country boiling waterDeveloped country boiled water二、分词的作用二、分词的作用 1、作定语、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。名词之后，称为后置定语。（1）前置定语）前置定语He is a promising young man. Make less noise. Theres a slee

37、ping child. We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。我们只卖用过的书。（2）后置定语）后置定语The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。The bridge built last month needs repairing. 上个月建造的那座桥需要

38、修理。上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后， 相当于一个定语从句。如：相当于一个定语从句。如：Those who wish to join the club should sign here(Those wishing to join this club should sign here. )想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。由于被

39、严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。(The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. （4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：完成，只表完成。如：the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）（既表示被动也表示完成）the fallen leaves 落下的树叶落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动只表示完成，不表示被动)2、作表语、作表语分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状

40、态。如：分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：She was too frightened to move.她被吓得一动不动。她被吓得一动不动。What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。你所说的真令从鼓舞。3、作宾语补足语、作宾语补足语可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, let, keep, find, have, get 等词。等词。I saw him walking in the street. I heard them singing in the classroom.We fou

41、nd the boy sleeping. A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English . 现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别4.作状语作状语现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) fro

42、m the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. If the water is heated, the water will boil .Getting there，we found the door opened. 不能说 he ill,只能说he is ill, ill是形容词 分词的时态和语态分词的时态和语态构成（以

43、构成（以study和和go为例）为例） 及物与不及物动词及物与不及物动词 语态语态 时态时态 类别类别 及及 物物 动动 词词 不及物动词不及物动词主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态 主动语态主动语态现在分词现在分词一般式一般式 studying being studied going完成式完成式 having studied having been studied having going过去分词过去分词一般式一般式 studied gone被动式：被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的完成动作。表示一个现在进行的完成动作。1.The building being repaire

44、d is our library.2.The question being discussed is very important.3. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up.完成式：完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。动作之前发生。 Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.2. Not having received his fathers letter, h

45、e decided to make a call to him.He walked down the hills, _ softly to himself. A. singB. sings C. singingD. was singingHe walked down the hills, and _ softly to himself. A. singB. sings C. singing D. was singingCDStop running and you will feel your heart _ faster than ever. A. beat B. beating C. bea

46、ten D. was beatingHaving passed all the tests, she felt a great weight _ off her mind. A. taking B. taken C. take D. to be takenBB Everyone was _ by the _story. (move) He was _ with the _ person. (annoy) movedmovingannoyedannoyingDid you enjoy yourself at the party?Yes. Ive never been to _ one befor

47、e. (06四川)A. a more excitedB. the most excitedC. a more exciting D. the most excitingCPoor boy! His _ looks and _handssuggested he was very afraid.A. frightening; trembling B. frightened; trembled C. frightening; trembled D. frightened; trembling DThe problems _ at the meeting tomorrow are really har

48、d to solve.A. discussed B. to discussC. to be discussed D. discussingC The flowers _ sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (2004上海) A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smeltB Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _. (20

49、06安徽) A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamedCThe squirrel (松鼠) was lucky thatit just missed _.A. catching B. to be caughtC. being caughtD. to catchCPolice are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday. (06山东山东)A. have been missingB. have got lo

50、stC. be missingD. get lostAThe news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. (04福建)A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. toldBHe hurried to the booking office, only _ that all the tickets had been sold out. (06陕西)A. to tellB. to be toldC. telling D. toldBHe was busy writing

51、 a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. (08辽宁)A. to stop B. stoppingC. to have stopped D. having stopped B_ in a red skirt in the opening ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games, the little girl-Lin Miaoke won the hearts of the people all over the world. A. Dressed B. Worn C. Dressing D. W

52、earingA “穿戴”：wear/put on/dress wear状态, “穿着”, put on动作,“穿上”, dress 动作, “给穿衣” dress sb. 状态, sb. be dressed in “坐”：sit/seat sb. sit, I sit here. sb. be seated, I am seated here. sit=be seatedWhen I arrived, I found the boy _. A. seating B. seated C. is seating D. sitsI found the boy was seatedI found t

53、he boy was sitting.BThe discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caughtB. catch the thiefC. the thiefs being caughtD. the thief to be caughtC_ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.A. The president will attendB. The president to attendC. The president attendedD. T

54、he presidents attendingDThe country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March.(2007山东)A. has been launched B. having been launchedC. being launched D. to be launchedBThe children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. (07重庆) A.

55、 finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finishedB Thanks a lot! Given more time, we could do it better.3.由There being +主语这种结构多表示原因。例如：There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till midnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式与动名词作主语的区别：关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：则是：

56、 Change the following into the simple sentences.That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式与动名词作主语的区别：关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：则是： Change the following into the simple sentences.That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式与动名词作主语的区

57、别：A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的， 可以在不定式前加一个由 for 引起的短语。B: 下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个 of 引起的短语，这些形容词是： (表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性） kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, right, careless, rude, polite,naughty etc.to do 表示具体的动作，表示具体的动作，-ing form表示泛指的动作，通表示泛指的动作，通常常（3）做表语：主语）做表语：主语+系动词系动词+不定

58、式不定式1). 其主语多为抽象名词其主语多为抽象名词(wish, need) My wish is to be a scientist. The main thing is to keep our room clean.2).be to do可构成将来时态可构成将来时态,表表 “准备准备/打算打算/计划计划/需需要要”; She is to return next week.It was about to leave when it started to rain.不定式动词在介词不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介后面时，如果这些介词之前有词之前有行为动词行

59、为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带不带to，否则要，否则要带带to。 She could do nothing but cry What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go(4)作定语作定语 不定式作定语时，不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如： I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books fo

60、r you to read. She was the first person to think of the idea. They made a plan to study English . He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall. 不定式动词在介词不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介后面时，如果这些介词之前有词之前有行为动词行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带不带to，否则要，否则要带带to。 She could do nothing but cry What do