VERB TENSE 动词时态

1、VERB TENSE动词的时态概说 时态是一种语法范畴，是用以表达各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。 时间有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。将这些时间和动作组合在一起，即构成英语的16种时态，简称“时”（tense）。见下表格： 一般 完成 进行完成进行 现在一般现在时I work现在完成时I have worked现在进行时I am working现在完成进行时I have been working 过去一般过去时I worked过去完成时I had worked过去进行时I was working过去完成进行时I had been w

2、orking 将来一般将来时I will work将来完成时I shall have worked将来进行时I shall be working将来完成进行时I shall have been working过去将来一般过去将来时I should过去将来完成时I should have worked过去将来进行时I should be working过去将来完成进行时I should have been working动作时间四个动作方面各有特点 一般方面，用以叙述一单纯事实，时间可以不具体。 完成方面，用以表述一个动作已完成。动作发生于前一个时间，但是该动作对现在存在影响，说话人的兴趣一般在

3、于后一个时间。 进行方面，表示动作正在进行。 完成进行方面，兼有完成与进行两个方面的特点。一般现在时的构成形式如下表肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Do I work?I dont workDo I not work? I work.He / she / it works.Does he / she/ it work?He does not work.Does he not work?We work.Do we work?We do not work?Do we not work?You work.Do you work?You do not work.Do you not work?They w

4、ork.Do they work?They do not work.Do they not work?一.一般现在时的基本用法 一般现在时常常表示经常发生的动作或者经常存在的状态。，常和always, often, usually, every day, sometimes等表时间的状语连用，又是这些时间状语可不表达出来。 1. I go to school every day. 2. He is always like that. 3. If you speak too fast, I find it difficult to follow you.一般现在时一般用于以下情况：1. 表日常行

5、为 They get up at 6 a.m. every day.2.表习惯、能力 He never wears a hat in winter. Do you drive?3.表客观存在 Fire burns. The earth moves round the sun.一般现在时表将来 表示最近即将发生的动作，时常和why dont you 连用。 Why dont you try the bakers shop on Wells Street? 表预定的行为，即已经安排好了的行为。 The train leaves at nine p.m. When do you start? 用于表

6、将来的从句。 I will wait till he comes. Next time I will do as he says. I will give you anything you ask for. Lets see who gets there first. 二.一般过去时的基本用法 一般过去时常表过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如a minute ago, yesterday, last work, in 1998, during the night, in those days等等.用一般过去时,要表达“过多少时间之后”, 一般用after而不用in

7、.一般过去时也可与today, this week, this morning等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语都需指过去,而不指现在. Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. They got married last year. She didnt look well when I last saw her. Did you see her today? He went out just now. You havent changed much since I last saw you ten years ago. It has been one year since

8、 I moved back from the countryside. 一般过去时还可表死者的状态. Who is the man in this picture? He was my grandfather. 一般过去时还可表委婉客气的语气. I wondered if you could help me out of this. Did you want anything else?三.一般将来时 一般将来时用来表示单纯的将来事实,一般和tomorrow, next week, in a few days等表将来的时间状语连用.也可与now, today, tonight等时间词连用. H

9、e will come next week. Can I see tomorrow morning? I will do it now. They will go at 7 oclock tonight. You go ahead, I will catch up. I will ask him as soon as I see him. 四,一般过去将来时 一般过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间里发生的动作或存在的状态.一般用在间接引语中,主句的谓语动词为过去时态.如 You knew I would come. We never imagined that john would becom

10、e a doctor. I thought you would take the chance. 一般过去将来时有时可带时间状语.如 Late at night on November 28, 1938, Dr.Bethune got word that a battle would soon began. He said he would come back the next morning, which he never made it. He turned out to be killed in a tragic car accident.五.现在完成时 现在完成时跨在两个时间之上,一是

11、过去,一是现在.它表达的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或产生结果),后面常不与时间状语连用. Sir, the car has come. (结果:车正在门口等.) Someone has broken the window.(结果:窗户正破着,透风呢.) He has been ill. (结果:他的脸色不好.) He has traveled over many lands. (结果:他见多识广.) Have you seen the sea? (结果:如果你见过,就告诉我海是什么样子的吧.) She has had a good education. (结果:她文化水平很高.) 注意:

12、 have gone和have been的意思不同: He have been to the library. (结果:他已经去过了,现在回来了.) He has gone to the library. (结果:他此时还在图书馆,还没有回来呢.) 已经死去的名人,但是他们的言行对现在仍然有影响的话,仍用完成时态,不用过去时.如: Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the ea

13、rth. 现在完成时表持续和重复的动作或状态,一般情况下,这种动作或状态今后还会延续下去.如: I have lived here for more than thirty years. I have been here since last October. 现在完成时一般不可和具体表示过去的时间状语如just now, a minute ago, yesterday, last year等连用,但是可和just, recently, often, before, never, always, already, in the past等笼统表示过去的时间状语连用.如: He has just

14、 gone. Have you been here before? I have always liked him. I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late.我进来常在报纸上看到他的名字. I have already read that book. 现在完成时与疑问副词how, why, where, when等的连用.如: How have you done it? Why has the child run away? Where have you been? When have I been harsh with

15、the children? 现在完成时可用于时间和原因状语从句.现在完成时和现在一般时一样,可用在when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中,强调动作的完成或结果,如: When he has finished his letters, he always takes them to the post office himself. When they have been frightened, dairy cows may refuse to give milk. 一旦奶牛受到惊吓,常常会不产奶.(强调结果) They often pl

16、ay chess after they have had supper. Almost as soon as we have started, we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. When I have studied a book, I always write a report on it. 现在完成时亦可表原因.如: We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. She can drive by herself because she has passed her dri

17、ving test.过去完成时 过去完成时的基本用法与现在完成时相似,所不同的是,现在完成时的动作需在现在以前完成,过去完成时的动作需在过去某一个时间以前完成,也就是说发生在“过去的过去”.因此过去完成时是一个相对的时态,它不能离开过去的时间而独立存在.如: I had finished my homework before supper/ he came to me. By the end of that year, Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps. When we got there the basketbal

18、l match had already started. No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. He told me that he had seen the film the day before. 有时候,过去的这个时间段隐含在句中并不表达出来.如: The road were full of vehicles, which we had foreseen (before we moved). 过去完成时还可表愿望

19、,通常是一种未实现的愿望或想法.如: I had meant to come, but something happened. I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 与现在完成时可表“将来”一样,过去完成时亦可表“过去的将来”.如: He said he would come as soon as he had finished his work. She told me that she had been happier than she would ever before.她告诉我这一段时间她比以往都要愉快.将来完成时 将来完成

20、时表示在将来某一个时间之前完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如: I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter. Will you soon have finished laying the table? Will they ever have done with their talking?他们的谈话还有完没完? When I have done that, I

21、shall have done all I was supposed to do.作完了这件事,我就作完了我全部应做的事. If you come at seven oclock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.假如你七点钟来,我还没有吃完晚饭呢.八.过去将来完成时 The party would have arrived by 4 oclock. The day was drawing near when we would have completed the reservoir.我们水库完工的日子不远了. He said he would hav

22、e done with my camera by the end of next month.他说到下个月底就不用我的相机了.九.现在进行时 现在进行时表达的是正在进行的动作,可与now, at present, at this moment, these days等时间状语连用,也可不用时间状语.如: What are you doing? Where are you going? The telephone is ringing, would you answer it? 现在进行时也可表达在最近一段时间内进行的动作.如: George is translating a book now.

23、 -what are you doing? - I am not doing anything recently. Men are dropping with malaria, dysentry and simple starvation.士兵们由于疟疾,痢疾和饥饿一个接一个地倒下. 有时候现在进行时表示的是即将结束的动作.如: He is dying. The fruit is ripening. The gasoline is running low. We are running out of money. 与从句连用. We are suffering while they are e

24、xpanding.我们在受苦,而他们却兴旺发达. You dont know what you are talking about. The man who is standing there is my uncle. 现在进行时表将来.如: I am leaving. What are you doing next Sunday? We are buying a new car soon. I am not waiting any longer. 现在进行时表经常.如: Whenever I see him, he is reading. Let a person go away with

25、small acts of dishonesty, and soon he is committing greater ones.放过一个人的小的欺骗行为,他不久就会进行大的欺骗勾当. When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief.孩子们一旦无事可干,他们就会淘气. What are you doing next Sunday? We are buying a new car soon. I am not waiting any longer. 现在进行时表经常.如: Whenever I see him, he is rea

26、ding. Let a person go away with small acts of dishonesty, and soon he is committing greater ones.放过一个人的小的欺骗行为,他不久就会进行大的欺骗勾当. When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief.孩子们一旦无事可干,他们就会淘气.十.过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,和表示过去的时间状语连用.如: I was practicing violin at 8 oclock yesterday when she c

27、alled. When the police arrived, they were having dinner. We reached the lake just as the sun was rising above it. Soon the whole town was talking about this thing. I went to the doctor yesterday. I was having a lot of trouble with my skin recently. It was snowing hard as the medical team made its wa

28、y to the front. He was crossing the road when he was suddenly hit by a racing car. 过去进行时表将来 He told her he was coming soon. He said he was meeting his sister at the train station the next day. Was it next month they said they were coming?将来进行时 表示在将来某一个时间段正在进行的动作.常表已经安排好了的事,一般只与表离现在较近的将来,与表将来的时间状语连用.

29、 What will you be doing this time tomorrow? The train will be leaving in a second. Maybe nobody will be smoking in 50 years. You will be hearing from me soon.你很快会收到我的信的. Please come up tomorrow afternoon, I will be having a meeting then. If you dont write, I will be wondering what has happened to yo

30、u. Stop the child, or he will be falling down. The rose will be coming out soon. My duties will end by July, and I will be returning to Arizona in the US. My brother will take care of you. I will call him and he will be expecting you then. It is not ok to see him this evening, cause he will be havin

31、g a lecture at 7 p.m. this today. 十二.过去将来进行时 John told us that Mary would be coming next day. I never realized that I would be living in China someday. She said she would be setting off on the 11 oclock train. The new name he would be using was Jack Jones. The car started. Ellen James would be drivi

32、ng off to the university.十三.现在完成进行时 表示动作从过去某一个时间段开始一直持续到现在,或离现在不远的时间.其动作是否继续,则由上下文决定.这个时态常用于下列动词:live, stay, lie, learn, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等等,并常和all this time, this week, this month, all right, all the morning, recently等状语及since 和for引导的状语短语和从句连用.如: What have you been doing all this days?

33、I have been writing letters all this morning. How long have you been living here? You have been saying that for 5 years. I have been puzzling ever since I set my eyes on you when I saw you before.自从我以前在那个地方看见了你之后,我就一直在纳闷. My mother has been teaching English for 20 years. Too much has been happening today. Fiddlesticks! Who has been telling you such stuff? You have been working too hard. We have been cleaning this classroom. My hands are dirty, I have been painting the door. What have you been eating to have gotten so fat like this? Since