长难句分析与翻译十大基本功 《第三章 代词》

1、长难句分析与翻译十大基本功 第三章 代词代词在阅读过程中是难点之一。在英语中，为了语言的精练，避免重复，除了采用“省略”手段外，还广泛地用代词来代替上下文中已经出现过的词或提到的内容。在阅读过程中必须根据上下文的逻辑关系正确判断代词所代替的具体内容，如分析不当，往往会产生“张冠李戴”的错误。必须指出的是，在各种代词中it的用法最为复杂，it用作形式主语或形式宾语时，只有语法意义而没有词汇意义，可以说是“虚”的。但用作代词时，代替某一词或某一具体内容，可以说是“实”的。it在句中表现得“真真假假，虚虚实实”，这给阅读理解造成了很大困难，必须认真分析和辨别。为了语言精练，避免重复的目的，除了采用省

2、略和代词外，还采用另一种手段近义词(带定冠词the的近义词)来替代上文中已出现过的词，这种近义词可称为“替换词”。英语中常见的代词有：one(ones)，that，they，those，the former，the latter等。“的用法较为复杂，特别加以归纳。it的用法(1)it作无人称代词：it作无人称代词表示自然现象、气候、时间、距离等。it是形式主语没有词汇意义。如：1)It is very cold today(气候)2)It is three oclock(时间)3)It is along way from here(距离)(2)it作人称代词：it作人称代词时，用来代替上下文中

3、提到的事或物，有时可代替整个句子的内容。(3)his(was)+形容词十不定式(to do)，it为形式主语，不定式短语为真正主语。(过去分词)(4)his+形容词+that(what，how，whether)，it为形式主语，that引导的为主语从句。(名词)(5)It+不及物谓语动词+that引导的主语从句。这些动词有：seem，appear，turn out，follow，happen等。(6)It may well be that引导的主语从句。(7)it作形式宾语：1)某些及物动词+it+形容词十不定式；2)某些及物动词+it+形容词+that.在上述两种句型中，it是形式宾语，真正

4、的宾语是不定式短语，或that引导的宾语从句。(8)it用于强调句型：It is(was)十被强调的成分+that(which，who)强调句型是简单句，可以用来强调句中主语、宾语和状语，但不能强调定语和谓语。在这种句型中把histhat去掉，句子仍成立。代词在句中分析与翻译的实例1All the various transitions from one form of motion into another are governed by one ofthe fundamental laws of nature，that of the eternity of matter and its m

5、otion运动可以由一种形式变为另一种形式，所有运动形式的变换都取决于一个基本的自然规律，即物质及其运动永恒性的规律。(that代替one，one代替law。)2The author enumerate some of the factors which make it difficult for the sociologist to conduct experiments in the same way as his colleagues in the physical sciences作者列举了某些使社会科学家难以进行实验的因素，而在同样的情况下，他的自然科学的同事们却可以进行实验。(it

6、为形式宾语代替真正宾语to conduct。)3The metallurgist has recently found a metal skin for missiles and supersonic planes，one that will retain its strength at the high temperature caused by air friction冶金学家最近发明了一种用于导弹和超音速飞机的金属外壳，这种外壳在大气摩擦引起的高温下仍然能保持其强度。(one作同位语，代替skin。)4If one can scale down all dimensions to，let

7、 us say，one tenth，the average lengths of the current-paths will be reduced to one tenthAnd the speed of operation will be scaled up 10 times如果人们能把所有尺寸缩小，比如说，减小到原来的110，那么电流路径的平均长度也将减小到110，操作速度因而就会按比例提高10倍。(one泛指人。)5Underground water reserves are much larger than those on the surface，but as they are u

8、nseen we tend to understimate them地下水的储量要比地面水大得多，但是由于看不到，所以往往低估了地下水的储量。(those代替reserves。as引导原因状语从句。them代替reserves。)6Here we find that the term work has been given by science a somewhat more limited meaning than that to which we have been accustomed这里我们发现，科学赋予“功”这个词的含义比我们所习惯的“工作”这个词的含义多少要狭窄一些。(第一个tha

9、t是连词，引导宾语从句。第二个that是代词，代替work。)7We know that air can be compressed， and it is reasonable to suppose that the air at the surface of the earth is compressed by the weight of all the air on top of it我们知道空气是可以压缩的，因而我们有理由假设：地球表面的空气受到该空气层上部所有空气重量的压缩。(第一个it是形式主语，代替不定式短语to suppose.。句末的it是人称代词，代替“地球表面上的空气”。)

10、8It follows from the principle of relativity that Newtons second law of motion，although fundamental in classical mechanics，only has an approximate and by no means complete validity由相对论原理可知，牛顿运动第二定律尽管是古典力学中的基本原理，但只是近似的，而决不是完全正确的。(It follows fromthat.，“由可以得出”。It是形式主语，代替that引出的主语从句。)9It was supposed th

11、at bodies fall to the ground with a speed which is proportional to their weight。This means that if bodies of 100 pounds and 1 pound are pushed over a cliff，the former falls 100 times as fast as the latter曾经有人设想，物体落地的速度与其重量成正比，这就意味着，如果把重100磅的物体和重l磅的物体从悬崖上推下去，前者下落速度是后者的100倍。(the former指bodies of 100 pounds，the latter指bodies of 1 pound。)10 Even though the same computer might have performed the same operation millions of times in succession， it must still be told exactly how to do that operation every time it repeats it即使同一台计算机很可