初中英语语法：直接引语和间接引语详解

1、直接引语和间接引语详解引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?1、人称的转变1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：He said，“I am very sorry.”>He said that he was very sorry.2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果

2、原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.>My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”>She said to her son that she would check his homework

3、that night.4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”>He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。2.时态的转换直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引

4、语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：1.直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时 过去完成时现在进行时 过去进行时过去完成时 过去完成时现在完成时 过去完成时过去进行时 过去进行时一般将来时 过去将来时2.例如：“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.>She said she was very glad to visit our school.Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”>Tom

5、 said that they were listening to the pop music.Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?”>Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?”>He asked the conductor where he

6、would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.>The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?”>Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.Tom said

7、, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”>Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.”>He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，

8、如：He always says, “I am tired out.”>He always says that he is tired out.2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：He will say, “Ill try my best to help you.”>He will say that he will try his best to help me.3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：He said, “I went to college in 1994.”>He told us that he went to college in 1994.4

9、）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.”>He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”>Our teacher told us that light tr

10、avels faster than sound.6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.”>He said that practice makes perfect.7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如：例如：The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.”>The doctor said I'

11、d better drink plenty of water.He said, “She must be a teacher.”> He said that she must be a teacher.He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”>He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”>The tea

12、cher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”> She asked if she had to take the medicine.注：此处用had to代替must更好8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变

13、。如：Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.3、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化直接引语变间接引语，时间状语变化有其内在规律，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”例：now变为then, yesterday变为 the day beforetoday变为 that dayHe said, ”I want to go

14、 swimming now. ” He said he wanted to go swimming then.地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，here 变 thereThe teacher said ,“ You should come here at 7:00.”The teacher said I should go there at 7:00.She said, “I won't come here any more.”She said that she wouldnt go there any more.指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”例：this 改为thatHe said

15、, "This books is mine.“He said that book was his.动词：come变成go，bring变成take4、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”>He said to us that he had been

16、to the Great Wall.He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”>He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that）此外主句中的谓语还常有：repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”> He ex

17、plained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”>The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词wheth

18、er或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”>He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”>He asked whether I was interested in English.3） 直接引语为

19、选择疑问句，间接引语用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror. 如：He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”>He asked me whether I spoke English or French.I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”>I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈

20、述句语序。如：He asked，“What's your name?”> He asked（me）what my name was.He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”>He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to

21、 do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：He said，“Be seated, please.”> He asked us to be seated.“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said.>He told me to be careful with my handwriting.“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby.>The officer orde

22、red the villagers never to go there again.“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said.>The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.6）有些含有“建议”>、“劝告”>的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，如：He said, “Let's have a rest.”&g

23、t; He suggested our having a rest.He said, “Let me help you.”> He offered to help me.7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如：“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked.>He asked me to open the door.“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked u

24、s.>He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：She said, “What a lovely day it is!”> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.5. 一些注意事项(1)直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。例如：They told their son,"

25、The earth goes round the sun."They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.(2)直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。如：this/that these/those, nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, last yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, "I haven't seen her today."

26、;He said that he hadn't seen her that day.注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。(3)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"He asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"Tom asked Ann what she wanted.初中英语直接引语变间接引语练习题一、将所给直接引语变为间接引语

27、，每空一词：1. “I never eat meat.” he said. He said that _ never _ meat.2. “Ive found my wallet.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ _ _ wallet.3. “I took it home with me.” she said. She said that _ _ _ it home with her.4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”The teacher s

28、aid that the sun _ in the east and _ down in the west.5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ met the day _.6. “You must come here before five.” he said. He said that I _ to go _ before five.7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said. He said that he _ bought the house 10 years

29、 _.8. “Did you see her last week?” he said. He _ _ I had seen her the week _.9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.” He _ Jim that he _ sit there.10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?” He asked her mother _ _ _ found it.11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked. He asked me _ _ _been _ days.

30、12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked. He asked _ _ knew where she _.13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.He _ the children _ _ making so much noise.14. “Dont tell him the news.” she said. She told me _ _ _ him the news.15. “Are you intested in this?” he said. He _ _ I was intere

31、std in _.16. “I am having supper,” he said. He said that _ _ having supper.17. “Ive seen the film,” Gina said to me. Gina _ me that she _ _ the film.18. “I went home with my sister,” she said. She said that _ _ _ home with her sister.19. “Keep quiet, children.” he said. He _ the children _ _ quiet.2

32、0. “Dont look out of the window,” she said.She told me _ _ _ out of the window.【参考答案】1. he, ate 2. told, had, found, his 3. she, had, taken 4. rise, goes 5. told, had, before 6. had, there7. had, before 8. asked, if whether, before 9. told, could 10. how, she, had 11. where, I, had, those 12. if whe

33、ther, I, lived 13. told, to, stop 14. not, to, tell 15. asked, if whether, that16. he, was。在直接引语变为间接引语时，代词I要变为he；主句为过去时态，宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个，即现在进行时am having变为过去进行时was having。17. told, had, seen。直接引语中的said to sb在变为间接引语时应改为told sb；现在完成时have seen改为过去完成时had seen。18. she, had, gone。直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词I 应变为she；一

34、般过去时went改为过去完成时had gone。19. told, to, keep。如直接引语为肯定的祈使句时，在变为间接引语时，可使用ask tell, order sb to do sth这一结构进行转换。20. not, to, look。如直接引语为否定的祈使句时，在变为间接引语时，可使用ask tell, order sb not to do sth这一结构进行转换。二、将所给直接引语变为间接引语1He said: “Ive left my book in my room.”2She said: “He will be busy.”3She said to Tom, “Can yo

35、u help me?”4She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”5The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”6The teacher said to the students, “Dont waste your time.”7The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”8The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”9My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”10The boy

36、 said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”11He said, “We are still students.”12He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”13The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”14He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”15She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.”16Mr. Green sai

37、d to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”17He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.”18She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”19I said to him, “I have finished it.”20She said to us,“ Ill come here tomorrow.”21“Where does your chemistry teacher live, K

38、aren?” the young man asked.22 “Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.23 “Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.24 “What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.25. "I'm checking your home work now."hi

39、s mother said.附答案：【参考答案2】1 He told me that he had left his book in his room.2 She said that he would be busy.3 She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.4 She asked me whether that book was mine or his.5 The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.6 The teacher told the students not to waste their

40、time.7 The mother asked Tom to get up early.8 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.9 My father said practice makes perfect.10 The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.11 He said they are still students.12 He told me that he was born in 1978.13 The engineer said he was at col

41、lege in 1967.14 He said he had studied English since he was a boy.15 She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.16 Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.17 He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.18 She said he demanded th

42、at the girl leave at once.19 I told him I had finished it.20 She told us she would come here tomorrow21 The young man asked Karen where her chemistry teacher lived.22 The physics teacher told the boys and girls that light travels faster than sound.23 Mary asked me if / whether I would go to the conc

43、ert with her that evening.24 The old man asked my brother what he had done there the day before.25. His mother said she was checking his homework then .直接引语变间接引语专项练习题三1. Our teacher asked us _ our dictionaries to school.A. bring B. brought C. bring D. to bring2. The teacher told the boy students _ f

44、ootball on the grass.A. not play B. not to play C. played D. playing3. _ Tom didnt go to school?A. Do you know how B. Why do you know C. How you know why D. Do you know why4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _ that prevents her from being as happy as before?A. what it is B. it is what C. how

45、it is D. it is how5. Betty asked her sister _ to the railway station to see her off.A. not to come B. not to go C. to not come D. to not go6. The pupil asked his teacher _ round the earth.A. weather the moon goes B. that the moon went C. whether the moon goes D. whether the moon went7. Mr. Li _ Wang

46、 Ling _ a taxi to the airport.A. asked; take B. asked; taking C. told; take D. told; to take8. She asked him _.A. whose dictionary this is B. whose dictionary that wasC. whose dictionary is this D. whose dictionary that is9. Marys mother asked her _.A. that whether she had finished her homework B. if she has finished her homeworkC. if she had finished her homework D. that if she had finished her homework10. Do you know _?A. wh