语法复习二十一：连词

1、语法复习二十一：连 词 连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。 并列连词是连接主语与主语， 谓语与谓语， 句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从 属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。（一）并列连词：并列连词可用来连接词与词， 词组与词组， 分句与分句。常用的并列连词有： and（和），as wellas（既又）,bothan（不但而且）,notonlybut alsO不但而且）,notbut（不是而是）,neithernor（既不也不）,either （r不是 就是），or （或者），but （但是），yet （然而）,for （

2、因为）,so （所以）,while （而）， when （这时）等。女口： Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy （暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious （光荣的）yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.（二）从属连词 从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有： 引导时间状语从句的： aft

3、er, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引导原因状语从句的： because, since, as弓丨导让步状语从句的： although, though, no matte（无论），even if （though） 引导条件状语从句的： if, unless, once, so （as） long as 弓导结果状语从句的： so that , such that 弓导目的状语从句的： so that , in order that 弓导比较状语从句的： as as , not so （as） as , than

4、 弓导方式状语从句的： as if 弓导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有： that, whether, if 三个。其中 that 和 whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。（三）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1、 当while, when, as引导时间状语从句时的区别：while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。 while 的这些用法可 用 when 代替，等于 “at the time that ” ,“during the tin例jthat Please keep quietwhile (when) others are st

5、udying when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间， 等于“at theime ”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性 的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如： When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.(when 不能换成 while) He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.(when 可换成 while) as常可与 when,while 通用，但强调“一边、一边”。例如：A

6、s (when, while) I was walking dow n the street, I no ticed a police car in front of nu mber 37. whe n 引导的状语从句中 的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语 +系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以 省略。例如： When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man./ Shell be here to givehelp when (if it is) necessary.when有时代替if,引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”， 例如： I ll come

7、 when (if) I m free.2、 before作连词一般表示时间，意为“在之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译： He almost kn ocked me dow n before he saw m他几乎把 我撞倒才看见我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me.还没来得及 插话， 他已经给我量好了尺寸。3、till, until 作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句， 用于否定句时，结构为notuntil (till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到才”。用 于肯定句时，只与延续性动词

8、连用，表示“到为止”。例如：They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didn(延续性动词)until (till) the interpreter (译员)came./ He didn t go to (e非延续性动词) until (till) the his father came back. ； until 可以放在句首， till 则不行，例如： Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work

9、 did he go home.(倒装)；till, until 只用于时间，以下句子 是错误的： We walked till the edge of the forest.(要用 as far as或 to)。4、because, since, as 引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别： 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because，因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用 why提问的句子，一定用 because回答。例如： He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.:如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用a

10、s，或sinceo since比as更正式些。as和si nee引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如： As you are tired, you had better rest/. Since everyone is here, now lets begin.5、although 和 though 引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别： although用于各种文体，而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。 注意由although, though引导的从句后，主句不能用but,但可用副词yet, still。例如：Although/ Though it rained all th

11、e morning, they still went on working. (或 yet they went on working、 though常与even连用，even though表示强调，意为“即使”,但不能说even although, 例如：Even though I didn t understand a word, I dept smilfttjiough 可用作畐寸词，意 为“然而”，常用逗号与句子分开。 although 则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如：It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.6、 once作副词译

12、“曾经”，作为连词译“一旦”，引导条件状语从句。相当于if 的加强形式。例如：I don t believe he was once a thief. (on这里是副词 ” Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his stude nts. (on c连词)7、 unless引导条件状语从句等于 if not。例如：He II accept the job unless the salary

13、is too low. ( = He ll accept the job if the salary is not too low.)&在用as if引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例 如： He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用直陈语气。 例如： It looks as if it is going to rain.9、whether, if引导从句的用法区别：引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时， 用 whether，不用 if。例如：Whether they will go to the Great Wall is

14、not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we will take partin the physics con test has not bee n decidec whether 可接不定式，而 if 贝 U不可。例如： I haven t decided whether to leave or nowhether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示 强调，而 if 贝不可。例如： Everything depends on whether we have en

15、ough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure.whether和 if 均可引导宾语从句，whether 弓 I导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的(此 时不能用 whether)，例如：Could you tell us whether/ if it rai ns in win ter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesn 引n导宾语从句的 whether和if常可与or not连用。连用时 要注意or not的位置，它一般与 whether、if分开使用，有时它可与 w

16、hether合起来 使用，但不能与 if 合起来使用。例如：I don t know whether/ if they will come or not./ I don t knowhetheror not they will come.if可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果”， whether 贝 U不行。例如：If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。as引导时间状语从句，意为“当 时”。例如： As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a

17、postmaster./ He sang as he worked.as引导方式状语从句，意为“象一样”。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us.as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管” Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.)另外，as做为关系代词还可 以引导定语从句，如： I have the same book

18、 as you.练习、连词1 .He is very old, he still works very hard. A. butB.ifC.whenD.as2. you are dismissed.A. Neither you go nor B. Either you go or C. Whether you go or D.Both you go and3. They had camped once before, they knew what to take.A. becauseB. nowC. soD. since4. Why these things happened was the

19、driver had been careless.A. because ofB. owing toC. due toD. that5. Although, its raining, are still working in the fields.A. theyB. but they C. and theyD. so they6. _we have satisfied you, you have no grounds of complaint.A. So B. Since that C. Now thatD. By now.7. Write clearly your teacher can un

20、derstand .you correctly.A. since B. for C. because D. so that8. Youll miss the train you hurry up.A. unless B. as C. if D.until9. Francis did the task his brother. A. as good as B. as better as C. as well asD. as best as10. The size of the audience, we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.A.

21、as B. what C. that D. whom11.I thought he hated the TV .You are right, he still watches the program.A. yet B. besides C. also D. then12. It looks its going to rain. A. that B. as C. as if D. likethat13. to New York, her father has not heard from her.A. Because she wentB. After she wentC. When she we

22、nt D.Since she went14. _he daydreamed, Peter saw figures in the sky. A. Until B. Since C. While D. During15. We arrived at the station the train had leftA. . after B. before C. since D.when16. he was in poor health, he worked just as hard as everyone else.A. ButB. AlthoughC. Even ifD. If17. Give me

23、one more minute Ill have finished.A. so B. until C. andD. when18. The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, he could not find any work.A. and B. yet C. orD. and but19. Hurry up, youll be late. A. or B. and C. soD. yet20. Do not make the same mistake I did. A. so B. as C. likeD. that21. My s

24、ister is expecting me, I must be off now.A. however B. or C. soD. otherwise22. We should pay attention to industry to agriculture.A. either, orB. neither, norC. not, butD. both, and23. He ran off I could stop him.A. before B. after C. sinceD. when24. you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened

25、. A. Till B. Until C. AfterD. Since25. Where have you been you left home? A. before B. as C. sinceD. when26. the problem of method is solved, talking about the task is useless.A. Until B. Since C. AfterD. Unless27. We have produced 15% more cotton this year we did last year.A. as B. thanC. likeD.whi

26、te28.It is late; , Im too tired to go out. A. besides B. except C. except for D.except that29. Everything around us is solid .liquid gas.A. not . .but.B. either. .or.C. neither.nor.D.whether. .or.30. He will come _ you ask him.A.whether B.unlessC. ifD.while31. he will come or not is still unknown.A.

27、 If B. WhereC.ThatD.Whether32.I don t know to stay at home or go out. A. whetherB.ifC.howD. where33. He spoke loudly the audience could hear him clearly.A. soB. thatC. so thatD.in order to34. The book is not easy. its rather difficult.A. On the one handB. On the contrary35. You must work hard,C. On

28、the other hand D. On the other contraryyou will not learn English well.A. ifB. whetherC. otherwiseD.unless36. It rained heavily,the basketball match had to be put off.A. so thatB. whenC. otherwiseD. therefore37. We must dothe people want us to do.A. whateverB. howeverC. whereverD.whenever38. You are

29、 certainly right,others may say.A. what B. whatever C. thatD. as39.makes mistakes must correct them.A.Who B. What C. WhoeverD. WhateverD.D.D. OnlyA. No matter how B. No matter whatC. No matter whenD. No matterA. when B. where C. whoever whenever41. you work, you must always serve the people heart an

30、d soul.A. Wherever B. WheneverC. WhereWhen42. _you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.A. Once B. At once C. Only then43. _ difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.where44. We can surely overcome these difficulties _,_ we are closely united.A. so far asB. so lon

31、g asC. as soon asD. as well as45. _ I know he will stay here for half a year.A. as soon asB. as long asC. so far asD.aswell as46. Please write meyou arrive in New York.A. as well asB. so long asC. as far asD.assoon as47. That is notI want.A. thatB. whyC.whatD.whose48.he did it remains a secret. A.Wh

32、atB.WhomC. WhichD. How49. It is quite clearhe wont see us.A. whatB. thatC. whyD. how50. Would you tell me way I should take?A. whatB. thatC. whichD.whose51. I am sure you said is true.A. whatB. thatC.whichD.who52. The trouble is we can not find such an expert.A. whyB. thatC. whereD./53. It has not b

33、een decided they will leave.A. whyB. whenC. whichD. what54. We shall go _ you are ready. A. whileB. assoon asC. asD.since55. He will tell youabout it you get there.A. whileB. asCwhenD./56. Dont try to get off the bus it has stopped.A. whileB. asC. sinceD. before57. Ill come and see you I go to the countryside.A. whileB. when . C. as soon as D. before58. _ he