Summary专项练习资料

1、Summary专项练习1、 Original:Myneighbor'schildrenloveplayinghide-and-seekasallchildrendo,butnooneimaginethatagametheyplayedlastweekwouldbereportedinthelocalnewspaper.Oneafternoon,theywereplayinginthevacantlotdownthecorner.YoungPaul,whoisonlyfiveyearsold,foundtheperfectplacetohide.Hissister,Natalie,had

2、shuthereyesandwascountingtotenwhenPaulnoticedthestoragemailboxatthecornerandsawthatthemetaldoorwasstandingopen.Themailmanhadjusttakenoutseveralsacksofmailandhadcarriedthemtohistruckwhichwasstandingatthecurbafewfeetaway.Paulclimbedintothestorageboxandpulledthedoorclosedsohardthatitlocked.Soonrealizin

3、gwhathehaddone,hebecamefrightenedandstartedcrying.Meanwhile,Nataliewaslookingforhimeverywherebutcouldnotfindhim.Itwasluckythatshehappenedtopauseatthecornerforaminuteandheardherbrother'scries.Sheimmediatelyrantotellthemailmanwhohurriedbackfromhistrucktounlockthemetaldoor.Paulwasnowfree,buthehadha

4、dsuchabadscarethathecouldnotstopcrying.Themailman,however,soonfoundawayofmakinghimlaughagain.Hetoldhimthatthenexttimehewantedtohideinamailbox,heshouldremembertoputastamponhimself!Summary:Thechildrenwereplayinghide-and-seekinavacantlotoneafternoon.Findingthatthestoragemailboxhadbeenleftopen,Paulhidan

5、dlockedhimselfinitaccidentally.Hissister,Natalie,heardhiscriesandrealizedwherehewashiding,sosheimmediatelytoldthemailmantounlockthemetaldoor.Afterlettinghimout,themailmanmadehimstopcryingbytellinghimtoputastamponhimselfthenexthewantedtohideinamailbox.2、 Original:Whydosomeanimalsdieout?Inthepasttwohu

6、ndredyearspeoplehavecausedmanykindsofanimalstodieout-tobecomeextinct.Peoplekeepbuildinghousesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods.Astheyspreadovertheland,theydestroyanimals'homes.Iftheanimalscan'tfindaplacetolive,theydieout.SixteenkindsofHawaiianbirdshavebecomeextinctforthisreason.Otheranimals,sucha

7、stheFloridaKeydeer,maysoondieoutbecausetheyarelosingtheirhomes.Huntershavecausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct,too.Inthelastcentury,hunterskilledallthepassengerpigeonsinNorthAmericaandmostofthebuffalos.Todaytheyarefastkillingoffhawksandwolves.Pollutioniskillingmanyanimalstoday,too.Asriversbecomepolluted

8、,fisharepoisoned.Manydie.Birdsthateatthepoisonedfishcan'tlaystrong,healthyeggs.Newbirdsarentborn.Sofaanimalshavebecomeextinctbecauseofpollution.Butsome,suchasthebaldeagleandthebrownpelican,havebecomerareandmaydieout.Scientiststhinkthatsomeanimalsbecomeextinctbecauseofchangesinclimate.Theplaceswh

9、eretheylivebecomehotterorcooler,drierorwetter.Thefoodthattheyeatcannotgrowthereanymore.Iftheanimalscan'tlearntoeatsomethingelse,theydie.Dinosaursmayhavediedoutforthisreason.Summary:Inthepasttwohundredyears,manykindsofanimalshavediedout.Thereareseveralreasonsforit.First,peoplekeepbuildinghousesan

10、dfactoriesinfieldsandwoods,whichdestroysanimals'homes.Then,hunters'killinghasalsocausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct.Besides,someanimalsaren'tabletobearstrongoffspringandnordotheyhaveenoughfoodtoeatbecauseofpollutionandclimaticchanges.三、Original:OfallthegamesheldthroughoutGreece,thosestaged

11、atOlympiainhonorofZeusarethemostfamous.TheGames,likeallGreekgames,wereanintrinsicpartofareligiousfestival.HeldeveryfouryearsbetweenAugust6andSeptember19,theyoccupiedsuchanimportantplaceinGreeklifethattimewasmeasuredbytheintervalbetweenthemanOlympiad.AlthoughthefirstOlympicchampionlistedintherecordsw

12、asoneCoroebusofElis,acook,whowonthesprintracein776BC,itisgenerallyacceptedthattheGameswereprobablyatleast500yearsoldatthattime.Accordingtoonelegend,theywerefoundedbyHeracles,sonofAlcmene.TheGameswereheldatOlympiainthecity-stateofElis,onatrackabout32meters(35yards)wide.Theracinglengthwasonestade,adis

13、tanceofabout192meters(210yards)whichwasonelengthofthetrack.Atthemeetingin776BC,therewasapparentlyonlyoneevent,thestade,butothereventswereaddedovertheensuingdecades.In724BCatwo-lengthrace,diaulos,roughlysimilartothe400-meterrace,wasincludedandfouryearslater,thedolichos,along-distanceracepossiblytobec

14、omparedtothemodern1500-oreven5000-meterevent,wasadded.wrestingandthepentathlonwereintroducedin708BC.Thelatterwasanall-aroundcompetitionconsistingoffiveevents-thelongjump,javelinthrow,discusthrow,footrace,andwresting.Boxingwasintroducedin688BC,andin680achariotrace.In648,thepancratium,akindofall-stren

15、gth,orno-hold-barred,wrestingwasincluded.Kickingandhittingwereallowed;onlybitingandgouging(thrustingafingerotthumbintoanopponentesye)wereforbidden.Between632and616BC,eventsforboyswereintroduced.Andfromtimetotime,furthereventswereaddedincludingcontestsforfullyarmedsoldiers,forheralds,andfortrumpeters

16、.TheprogrammusthavebeenasvariedasthatofthemodernOlympics,althoughtheathletics(trackandfield)eventswerelimited:therewasnohighjumpinginanyformandnoindividualfieldevent,exceptinthepentathlon.Untilthe77thOlympiad(472BC)alloftheconteststookplaceononeday;latertheywerespread,with,perhaps,somefluctuations,o

17、verfourdays,withafifthdevotedtotheclosingceremonypresentationofprizesandabanquetforthechampions.Sourcesgenerallyagreethatwomenwerenotallowedascompetitorsor,exceptforthepriestessofDemeter,asspectators.Inmostevents,theathletesparticipatedinthenude.TheOlympicGameswereoriginallyrestrictedtofree-bornGree

18、ks.Thecompetitors,includingthosewhocamefromtheGreekcolonies,wereamateurinthesensethattheonlyprizewasawreathorgarland.Theathletesunderwentamostrigorousofsupervisedtraining,however,andeventually,thecontestantsweretrueprofessionals.Notonlyweretheresubstantialprizesforwinning,buttheOlympicchampionalsore

19、ceivedadulationandunlimitedbenefitsfromhiscity.Athletesbecamefulltimespecialists-atrendthatinthemoderngameshascausedalongandbittercontroversyoveramateurism.Summary:Inthisarticle,theauthorexplainsthehistoryofsomeoftheearliestrecordOlympicGamesheldinGreece.ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheseGamesstartedaro

20、und1276BCalthoughthefirstchampionwasrecordedin776BC.InthefirstGamestherewasonlyoneevent,howeverastimewenton,differenteventswereadded.Longerdistancerunningraceswerefirstaddedandthenothereventslikewrestingandthepentathlon.Theyevenaddedeventsspeciallyforboysandarmedsoldiers.OriginallytheGameswereplayed

21、ononedaybutthischangedtofivedays.AnotheraspectoftheGameswasthatwomenwerenotallowedascompetitorsorspectators.ThecompetitorswerealsorestrictedtoGreekswhowerenotprofessionals.However,atrendstartedwhereathletesbecamefu-ltlimespecialistswhichahscausedalotofcontroversy.四、Original:Athirdkindofthinkingissti

22、mulatedwhenanyonequestionsourbeliefsandopinions.Wesometimesfindourselveschangingourmindswithoutanyresistanceorheavyemotion,butifwearetoldthatwearewrongweresenttheimputationandhardenourhearts.Weareincrediblyheedlessintheformationofourbeliefs,butfindourselvesfilledwithanillicitpassionforthemwhenanyone

23、proposestorobusoftheircompanionship.Itisobviouslynottheideathemselvesthataredeartous,butourself-esteem,whichisthreatened.Wemaysurrender,butrarelyconfessourselvesvanquished.Intheintellectualworldatleast,peaceiswithoutvictory.Fewofustakethepainstostudytheoriginofourcherishedconvictions;indeed,wehavean

24、aturalrepugnancetosodoing.Weliketocontinuetobelievewhatwehavebeenaccustomedtoacceptastrue,andtheresentmentarousedwhendoubtiscastuponanyofourassumptionsleadsusseekeverymannerofexcuseforclingingtothem.Theresultisthatmostofourso-calledreasoningconsistsinfindingargumentsforgoingonbelievingaswealreadydo.

25、Summary:Athirdkindofthinkingoccurswhenwearetoldthatourbeliefsandopinionsarewrong.Wemayhavebeenheedlessintheirformation,butourself-esteemwillnotpermitustochange.Wemayhavetogiveup,butwearenotconvinced.Wedonotstudytheoriginofourbeliefs;webelieveaswehavebeenaccustomedtobelieve,andweseekargumentsforconti

26、nuingtobelieveaswealreadydo.下面上一篇进阶练习：ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrongbyWilliamKilpatrickManyoftoday'syoungpeoplehaveadifficulttimeseeinganymoraldimensions德层面）totheiractions.Thereareanumberofreasonswhythattrsue,butnonemoreprominentthanafailedsystemofeducationthateschews（回避）teachingchildr

27、enthetraditionalmoralvaluesthatbindAmericanstogetherasasocietyandaculture.Thatfailedapproach,called-ma“kindge,c”isiownasintroducedinschools25yearsago.Ittellschildrentodecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Itreplaced“charactereducatiOn（!t育）"Charactereducationdidn'taskchildrentoreinven

28、tthemoralwheel（浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准）;instead,itencouragedthemtopracticehabitsofcourage,justiceands-eclfontrol.Inthe1940s,whenacharactereducationapproachprevailed,teachersworriedaboutstudentschewinggum;todaytheyworryaboutrobberyandrape.Decision-makingcurriculumsposethorny（棘手的）ethicaldilemmastostudents,l

29、eavingthemwiththeimpressionthatallmoralityisproblematicandthatallquestionsofrightandwrongareindispute.Youngstersareforcedtoquestionvaluesandvirtuestheyveneveracquiredinthefirstplaceoruponwhichtheyhaveonlyatenuous（薄弱的）hold.Theassumptionbehindthismethodisthatstudentswillarriveatgoodmoralconclusionsifo

30、nlytheyaregiventhechance.Buttheactualresultismoralconfusion.Forexample,arecentnationalstudyof1,700sixth-toninth-gradersrevealedthatamajorityofboysconsideredrapetobeacceptableundercertainconditions.Astoundingly,manyofthegirlsagreed.Thiskindofmoralilliteracyisfurtherencouragedbyvalues-education（价值观教育）

31、programsthatarelittlemorethancoursesinself-esteem（自尊）.Theseprogramsarebasedonthequestionableassumptionthatachildwhofeelsgoodabouthimselforherselfwontwanttodoanythingwrong.Butitisjustasreasonabletomakeanoppositeassumption:namely,thatachildwhohasuncriticalse-lfregardwillconcludethatheorshecantdoanythi

32、ngbad.Suchnaiveself-acceptanceresultsinlargepartfromthenon-directive（无指导性的）,non-judgmental（无是非观的）,as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choicesmentality（思想）thathaspervaded（渗透）publiceducationforthelasttwoandone-halfdecades.Manyoftodaysdrugeducation,sexeducationandvalues-educationcoursesarebasedon

33、thesame1960sphilosophythathelpedfueltheexplosioninteendruguseandsexualactivityinthefirstplace.gfeoeolMeanwhile,whileeducatorsarestillfiddlingwith（胡乱摆弄）outdatedapproaches,NewYork,Washington,andLosAngelesareburning.Youngstersareleavingschoolbelievingthatmattersofrightandwrongarealwaysmerelysubjective.

34、Ifyoupassastrangeronthestreetanddecidetomurderhimbecauseyouneedmoneyifitfeelsrightyougowiththatfeeling.Clearly,murderisnottaughtinourschools,butsuchaconclusionjusatboutanyconclusioncabnereachedandjustifiedusingthedecision-makingmethod.Itistimetoconsign（寄出）thefads（风尚）of“decisio-nmaking”and“no-njudgme

35、ntalism”totheashheapoffailedpolicies,andreturntoaprovedmethod.Charactereducationprovidesamuchmorerealisticapproachtomoralformation.Itisbuiltonanunderstandingthatwelearnmoralitynotbydebatingitbutbypracticingit.（约3000字）SampleSummaryof“ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong”Inhisessay“ChildrenMustbeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong,