心理学与生活（双语）：3Chapter 8 memory3

1、Chapter 8 memory Outline What is memorySensory memoryShort-term memory and working memory Long-term memory Structures in long-term memoryBiological aspects of memoryThe definition of memory Memory Memory, a type of information processing, is the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information. 记

2、忆是存储、编码和提取信息的容量。Ebbinghaus Quantifies Memory艾宾浩斯定义的记忆 This observation was made in 1885 by the german psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus A methodology. Ebbinghaus called the difference between the time to learn the list originally and the time to relearn the list as savings. Ebbinghaus used nonsense sy

3、llables (not contaminated by previous learning) and rote learning (memorizing by mere repetition) to study what he thought was pure memory. Ebbinghaus learned lists of nonsense syllables to a criterion performance level, He would then distract himself for an interval by studying other lists, and the

4、n re-learn the original list. Types of MemoryImplicit and Explicit Memory 内隐记忆与外显记忆Procedural memory&declarative memory程序性记忆与陈述性记忆Episodic memory&Semantic memory情景记忆与语义记忆 Implicit and Explicit Memory Implicit memory is what comes to awareness without effort.内隐记忆是指在个体无法意识的情况下，过去经验对当前作业产生的无意识的

5、影响，有时又叫自动的无意识记忆。 Explicit memory is derived by efforts to recover information.外显记忆就是指一般的传统记忆研究方法,对行为的影响是个体能够意识到的，又叫受意识控制的记忆。 两者的区别在于提取和运用记忆的知识时,是有意识运用还是无意识地运用它Types of MemoryTypes of Memory Declarative and Procedural Memory Declarative memory involves recollection of facts and events. Procedural mem

6、ory involves recollection of how to do things. skill memory( 程序性记忆是指如何做事情的记忆）Types of Memory Episodic memory 情景记忆 Memories of events experienced by a person or that take place in the persons presence.(情景记忆是人们根据时空关系对某个事件的记忆）Types of Memory Semantic memory 语义记忆 General knowledge as opposed to episodic

7、 memory.(语义记忆是指人们对一般知识和规律的记忆）An Overview of Memory ProcessesThree processes of memory Encoding encoding, the initial processing of information that leads to representation in memory。 Visual code:Mental representation of information as a picture Acoustic code:Mental representation of information as a

8、 sequence of sounds Semantic code :Mental representation of information according to its meaning Three processes of memory Storage 存储 the retention over time of encoded information; The second stage of information processing. (存储就是把编码过的信息以一定的形式保持在人们的头脑中） Maintenance rehearsalThree processes of memory R