浙江省高考英语第三部分写作导练案第三讲概要写作练习

1、第三讲概要写作李仕才?典例展示2021浙江高考样题阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenupthesk

2、inandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidtheKingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,theK

3、ingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemerit好处ofdirtwaslonglived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Ye

4、t,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarn.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:Clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirsttimeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildre

5、nofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist免疫学家,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatter后者positionisgainingsomeground.【参考范文】Peoplehavemixedopinionsaboutdirtonourskin.要点1Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleof

6、someEuropeancountriesbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.要1点2However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestowardsdirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.要点3Yet,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.要点4?思路导航、审题体裁；议论文人称第三人称时态一般

7、现在时和一般过去时为主要点1 .第However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.是本篇文章的主题句,亮明了总的观点.2 .第二段主要谈论的是在16世纪,人们认为“dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.3 .第三段用“Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变.sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth."4 .最后一段Onthecontrary引出专豕的观点,免疫学豕认为dirt有助于增强免疫

8、系统.二、要点分析1 .文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句,亮明了总的观点："However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.换句话说："Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirt.再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirtontheskin.范文中的要点1"Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.概括非常精练.2 .第二段主要谈到了在16世

9、纪,人们认为“dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease"尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表.结合第三段第一句"Thoughthebeliefinthemerit好处ofdirtwaslonglived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.可知,直到18世纪之前,人们都认为dirt是很“友好的,有助于预防疾病.范文中的要点2"ForalongtimeinhistorypeopleofsomeEuropeancountriesbelievedtha

10、tdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.很好地总结了这些要点.3 .第三段用“Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变.sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.再结合本段最后一局部"Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea.可得出要点3"However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestowardsdirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentold

11、thatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.4 .文章最后一段第一句指出,现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同,"Onthecontrary引出专家的观点,一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统.这一观点得到了一些支持.范文中的要点4"Yet,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.表达很恰切.三、要点连接在写完了要点之后,下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接,使上下句之间具有连贯性.本篇文章整篇结构是总分结构,要点2和要点

12、3在观点上截然相反,因此,两者之间需要表示转折的连接词,范文用了“However'恰到好处.要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同,因此,范文用了连接词“Yet.?技法提导一、必备水平概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合体,是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁.这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的水平,同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的水平以及对文章整体结构的把握水平.因此考生必须具备以下三种水平：1 .要具有准确理解文章的水平要看清楚文章的结构,设法反映出原文中的所有要点和作者的观点.2 .要具有意义筛选的水平学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与

13、不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系.3 .要具有用英文解释英文的水平用自己简单的语言解释比拟复杂的语言文字,切记不可抄袭原文.二、写作步骤1 .阅读全文首先要通读全文,对文章的体裁和大意有所了解.阅读时要快速地找到主题句,以便抓住中心,理解全文.考生还需要根据文章内容列出一个简单的提纲,以便在写作过程中不会遗漏要点,总结全面.2 .写出初稿在写作过程中,考生要注意词数要求,使用精炼的句子概括文章的要点,可以引用所给阅读材料的重要词语,但不可过多,否那么便失去了概要的意义；考生还需谨记：概要必须全面、清楚地表达所给阅读材料的信息,客观、准确地反映所给阅读材料的真实意图,不可随意添加或增减内容.3

14、 .修正定稿初稿完成后,要将其与所给阅读材料核对一遍,看原材料中的要点是否在概要中都得到了体现,语句间的衔接是否符合逻辑,同时还需要检查句子是否有错误,时态和语态的使用是否正确,标点、格式、大小写是否有误等.通过细致的修正与调整,力争使文章在各个方面都万无失.三、应试技巧1 .议论文议论文类型的文章通常包括论点、论据和结论三局部,其关键是找出主题句或结论句.因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句、支撑句和结论句.假设文中有一分为二的观点的,两种观点都要概括,不要漏掉其中一方的观点.概要模板：论点+论据+结论.议论文可用以下开头语：Thepassage/authorarguesthat.本文/作者主

15、张Thepassage/authorhighlightstheimportanceof.本文/作者强调了的重要性.Thepassage/authordiscussestheimpactof.本文/作者讨论了的影响.Thepassage/authorcompares.with.本文/作者比拟了与2 .说明文此类文章通常会有中央句多在首段,写概要时要注意找出中央句,抓住关键词,然后重组文章的信息,用自己的话表述出来.不同类型的说明文的几种参考模板：1描写某事物的性质功用.即“对象+性质功用+利好：Inthepassagethewriterintroduces.对象tous.性质或功用对象带来的利好

16、(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或举措.即“问题+解决方法：Thepassagetellsus.(问题)(方法1)(方法2)(方法3)(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果.即“现象+原因+结果：Theauthor/writersaid/talksabout.(现象)(原因/本质1)(原因/本质2)(结果)说明文可用以下开头语：CDAccordingtothepassage,wecanknow.根据文章我们可知 Thispassage/articleismainlyabout.这篇文章主要是关于 Inthepassage,thewriter/authormainlytellsus.在这篇文章中作者主要告

17、诉我们Anewstudyfound.一个新的研究发现Thepurposeofthereportistoshow.这一报告的目的是说明3.记叙文记叙文的概要,一般包括记叙文的六个要素：找出时间(when),地点(where),什么人(who),做了什么事(what),原因是什么(why),结果怎么样(how),也就是考生应先通读阅读短文,找出这六个要素,然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成几句话即可.当然,不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素,但某人做了某事,结果如何是应当包括的.如果是夹叙夹议的文章,作者对故事的内容发表了议论,或指出了故事给人们的启示的,我们概括时要加上这一内容.因此,概要中一般应包括

18、：(1)谁做了什么(whodidwhat)(2)结果怎么样(whatwastheresult)(3)文章揭示了什么(包括作者的看法、观点、感悟,或写作目的.假设原文没有提及,概括时可以不写)记叙文可用以下开头语：Thepassage/storyismainlyabout.本文/这个故事主要是关于Theauthortellsusastoryabout.作者告诉我们一个关于的故事Thepassageisastoryabout.本文是一个关于的故事Accordingtothepassage,weknow.根据短文,我们知道四、概要写作四项原那么1 .概要写作时,一定要使用第三人称.2 .概要写作时,

19、一定不可参加自己的观点.3 .概要写作时,一定不可对原文内容加以评论.4 .概要写作时,一定不要引入与原文内容无关的信息.?实战演练?阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.Areyoushy?Ifyouare,youarenotalone.Infact,closeto50percentofpeopleareshy.Almost80percentofpeoplefeelshyatsomepointintheirlives.Thesedays,shynessisbecomingmoreandmorecommon.Now,scientistsaretryingtounderstands

20、hyness.Theyhavesomeinterestingideasaboutwhypeopleareshy.Isitpossibletobebornshy?Manyscientistssayyes.Theysay15to20percentofbabiesbehaveshyly.Thesebabiesarealittlequieterandmorewatchfulthanotherbabies.Interestingly,theseshybabiesusuallyhaveshyparents.Asaresult,scientiststhinkthatsomeshynessisgenetic.

21、Familysizemightcausepeopletobeshyaswell.ScientistsatHarvardUniversitystudiedshychildren.Theyfoundthat66percentofthemhadolderbrothersandsisters.Asaresult,theybecameshy.Atthesametime,childrenwithnobrothersandsistersmaybeshyaswell.Growingupalone,theyoftenplaybythemselves.Theyarenotabletolearnthesamesoc

22、ialskillsaschildrenfrombigfamilies.Youmayalsobeshybecauseofwhereyouwereborn.Whenscientistsstudiedshynessindifferentcountries,theyfoundsurprisingdifferences.InJapan,mostpeoplesaidtheywereshy.ButinIsrael,onlyoneofthreepeoplesaidso.Whatexplainsthedifference?OnescientistsaystheJapaneseandIsraelishavedif

23、ferentopinionsoffailure.InJapan,whenpeopledonotsucceed,theyfeelbadaboutthemselves.Theyblamethemselvesfortheirfailure.InIsrael,theoppositeistrue.Israelisoftenblamefailureonoutsidereasons,suchasfamily,teachers,friends,orbadluck.InIsrael,freedomofopinionandrisktakingarestronglysupported.ThismaybewhyIsr

24、aelisworrylessaboutfailureandarelessshy.Forshypeople,itcanbedifficulttomakefriends,speakinclass,andevengetagoodjob.Butscientistssayyoucangetoveryourshyness.Theysuggesttryingnewtheonlyone.thingsandpracticingconversation.Anddontforget-ifyouareshy,youarenot【写作指导】本文是一篇说明文.这篇文章的主题段是第一段,主要告诉人们害羞是一种普遍的现象.因

25、此,在概括时要把文章主题段的中央词shy,commonwhy用自己的话概括出来.为了防止雷同,用自己的话概括时要注意同义词的转换,如原文中的why可用thereason转述.其次,还应注意不能遗漏要点,即害羞的原因,不同国家间的原因是不一样的以及专家给出的克服害羞的建议等.最后,注意词数在60词左右,恰当使用过渡词与亮点句型,以使行文连贯.【参考范文】Shynessiscommonandsomereasonsmayaccountforitaccordingtoscientists.要点1Theythinkshynessmaycomefromgenetics,familysizeandbirth

26、place.要点2Forinstance,youngerchildrenortheonlychildaremorelikelytobeshy.要点3IsraelisarelessshythanJapanesebecauseoftheirdifferentattitudestowardsfailure.要点4Tohelppeoplesufferingfromshyness,scientistsalsogivesomeusefulsuggestions.要点5?阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要.Wevereachedastrangesomewouldsayunusualpoint

27、.WhilefightingworldhungercontinuestobethematterofvitalimportanceaccordingtoarecentreportfromtheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO,morepeoplenowdiefrombeingoverweightthanfrombeingunderweight.It'sthegoodlifethat'smorelikelytokillusthesedays.Worse,nearly18millionchildrenundertheageoffivearoundtheworlda

28、reestimatedtobeoverweight.Whatsgoingon?Wereallydonthavemanyexcusesforourweightproblems.Thedangersoftheproblemhavebeendrilledintousbypublichealthcampaignssince2001andthemessageisgettingthroughuptoapoint.Inthe1970s,Finland,forexample,hadthehighestrateofheartdiseaseintheworldandbeingoverweightwasitsmai

29、ncause.Notanymore.Apublichealthcampaignhasgreatlyreducedthenumberofheartdiseasedeathsby80percentoverthepastthreedecades.MaybethatexplainswhythepercentageofpeopleinFinlandtakingdietpillsdoubledbetween2001and2005,anddoctorsevenoffersurgeryofremovingfatinsideandchangetheshapeofthebody.Nowonderitranksastheworld'smostbodyconsciouscountry.Weknowwhatweshouldbedoingto