定语从句的归纳

1、1 高一英语语法归纳总结-定语从句的归纳一.几个基本概念.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2 .先行词：被定语从句所修饰的刍词或_代词_。3 .定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词名词或代词之后。4 .引导词：引导定语从句的词包括关系代词和关系副词。(1)关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as5 (2)关系副词：when/where/why.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前先行词之后。【as除外】.引导词的功能作用：(1)连接先行词和定语从句。(2)在定语从句中充当一定的成分关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语。6 .定语从句的类型：(1)限定性定语从句圭包机辿丛旬之回龙逗号

2、.。 直接由引导词引导定语从句Themanwhoyou'retalkingtoismyfriend. 由介词+关系代词whom/which引导Themantowhomyou'retalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：Iiinh-、mih口innjitininnjitininnrr*，=iTheman(who/whom/that)Ita

3、lkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.(2)非限定性定语从句主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开。直接由引导词引导定语从句。由介词+关系代词whom/which引导。Iliveinahousefar

4、awayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook. 由“代词/名词+of+whom/which"或"ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)弓I导。One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。Heh

5、asfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.(比较：Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比较：Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1 .在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2 .非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。Theen

6、gineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.3 那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语，宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。Theman,issittingonthechair,ismyfather.Hejoinedth

7、eArmyyesterday,Ileft,too.Thewoman,Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.Thecity,isfaraway,isverybeautiful.HewenttoAmerica,hisparentslive.4 .whose引导非限定性定语从句：Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1

8、 .who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?2 .whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语动宾或介宾。当作动宾动词后接宾语时，关系代词可省略。Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?当作介宾介词后接宾语时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。Theman(whom/who/that)Ispok

9、ewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.注：固定的动词短语动词+介词如100kfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至弓I导词前。Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.whose:指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语动宾或介宾即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。Whose+n.=.the.+n.+.ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/.whom+the.=n.3 Ididn'tfindthe

10、deskwhoselegwasbroken.主语HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.动宾ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.介宾.which/that指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语动宾或介宾。当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thegames(that/which)they

11、oungmencompetedinweredifficult.注：介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。X5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于"thesameas；suchas：soas：asas:asfollows”固定结构中.形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句：SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.Myhometown

12、isnolongerthesameasitwas.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).I'dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which

13、指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数.Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.=Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.MarkTwinisa

14、greatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.主句和从句有因果关系

15、时，用which.Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.从句含否认意义时常用which.Shedidn'tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn'texpect.Shedidn'tpasstheexam,asweexpected.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换此时先行词一定是表时间的名词。IstillrememberthetimewhenIjo

16、inedtheLeague.=IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.6 .where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换此时先行词一定是表地点的名词。IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.=IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=Istillremembertheschool(

17、which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.注：对关系副词when,where的认识。 .先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。I'llneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing. .先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday. .当句型为It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(secondlast)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。I

18、t/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.8.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=forwhichIdon'tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why。Thisisthereason(that/which

19、)hegave/explainedtous.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.(spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词Thereasonthat/whichhegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterd

20、ayisn'tbelievable.(gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Thereasonwhyhedidn'tcometoschoolyesterdayisn'tbelievable.从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词三.值得注意的几个问题：第一.当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。1 .当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibra

21、ry.Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.2 .当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.当先行词本身是all的，用thato(allthat=what)Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou".=All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou".Gooverallthat(what)welearned.3 =Gooverall(what)wel

22、earned.that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略.先行，为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing时，用that.I'lltellyouanything(that)Iknow.4 .当先行词前有all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修饰语时。Thisisoneofthebooks(that)I'mveryinterestingin.ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI'

23、;mveryinteresting.Thisistheonlybook(that)Iread.Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.5 .人，物，当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用that引导以防止混淆.Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?6 .当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用that.He

24、likesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.第二.当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。1 .作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.2 .引导非限定性定语从句时主，宾都用which,都不能省略.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.3 .which指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句.Healwaysmakesf

25、unofme,whichupsetsme.第三.其他特殊情况.1 .先行t是these,those指人时，关系代词只用who.Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.2 .先行词是人称代词(he,she)时，关系代词只用who.Hewhodoesn'treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.3 .不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who.Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.

26、4 .先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式因为此时的先行，是theonlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复数.Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.先行词是oneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数，而不是one.Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.5 .当主句缺先行词时，用theone代替，但须注

27、意：theone只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时，指什么用什么.IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday?Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?6 .当先行词是theway,在定语从句中充当方式状语时theway表”以方式/方法",引导词通常用that或省略，也可用inwhich.Idon'tliketheway(that)youspeak.=Idon'tlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.=Idon'tliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.【“介词+关系代词

28、”十种情况】在定语从句中，介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：.介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when,where和why。如：Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那天。Thefactoryinwhich(=where)Iworkisalargeone.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。Thisisthereasonforwhich(=why)hewaslate.这就是他为什么迟至U的原因。1 .介词+which指物/who

29、m指人在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.他来至U处农舍，前边坐着个小男孩。Isawaman,ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.我看见个人，他的头上站着只鸟。.介词+which指物/whom指人在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如：Couldyoutellmeforwhomyou'veboughtthiscoat?你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？Theman,fromwhomIlearnedt

30、henews,isanengineer.这人是位工程师，我是从他那里得至U这消息的。2 .介词+which/whom,用于被动结构的定语从句中，作状语，说明动作的出发者。如：Thewolfbywhichthesheepwaskilledwasshot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。Themanbywhomthewolfwasshotwasagoodhunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。.不定代词+of+which/whom,在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分，常用的不定代词有：both,all,any,some,each,none,most等。如：Therearealotofbookshere,n

31、oneofwhichbelongstome.这儿有许多书，可一本也不属于我。YesterdayMaryboughtafewclothes,allofwhichwereexpensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服，他们都很贵。3 .数词+of+which/whom,在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如：Inourclasstherearefifty-fourstudents,twenty-fiveofwhomaregirls.我1班有54名学生，25人是女生。Twowatcheswerestolen,oneofwhichwasmine.两只手表被偷了，

32、其中只是我的。4 .名词+of+which代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：Isawsometrees,theleavesofwhich(=whoseleaves)wereblackwithdiseas酸看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。Iliveinahouse,thewindowsofwhichareallbroken.我住在一所房子里，其窗者B破了。5 .介词+which指物/whose指人修饰后边的名词。如：Itrainedallnightandallday,duringwhichtimetheshipwasbrokenintopieces.雨下了一天一夜就在这期间轮船撞

33、碎了。Thedriverwasthemanfromwhoseroomshehadstolenthemaps.司机就是那个人，她从他的房间偷走地图。6 .形容词最高级+of+which/whom结构，在定语从句中，作定语，表部分关系。如：Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。Inourclasstherearetwentygirls,thecleverestofwhomisLiHua.我们班有20名女生，最聪明的是李华。7 .介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个

34、定语从句。如：Atlasthehadsomethingaboutwhichtowritehome.他终于有了给家里写信的内容了。Hehadnokeywithwhichtoopenthedoor.他没有开门的钥匙。Hehasasmallroominwhichtolive.1 【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。2 ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyMarkTwain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。先行词是books,因此动词应用were。.关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分，因此要注意防止从句中句子成分的重复出现。ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisitedit.ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisited.这是我参观过的最美的地方。去掉it,因that代替先行词themostbeautifulplace在定语从句中作visit的宾语，再加it就多余了。TheschoolwhereIworkedthereisabigone.3 TheschoolwhereIworkedisabigone.我所工作过的学校