定语从句状语从句虚拟语气

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在if条件从句中的用法。 条件从句中谓语动词主句中谓语动词表示与现在事实相反did (be用were)would (should, could, might) +do表示与过去事实相反had donewould (should, could, might) +have done表示与将来的事实可能相反did/were 或should do 或were to dowould (should, could, might) +do例如：1、If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives

2、 would be saved.2、If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many more deaths.3、If they came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.二、混合/错综虚拟条件句。从句的动作表示过去，主句表示现在。例如：If he had followed the doctor's advice, he would be quite all right now.三、含蓄条件句。通过上下文或without, otherwise,

3、 but for, but, even if(=even though)等来表示虚拟条件。例如：We couldnt have finished the work without you timely help.I ate too much; otherwise I would have lost weight.I would have lost weight, but I ate too much.四、倒装虚拟条件句。如果if条件中含有were, should或had,那么，可以把if省去，而把were, should或had提到主语的前面。例如：Had he invited us, we

4、would have gone to the party.Should it rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.Were I in your position, I would go to the party.五、虚拟语气用在动词wish后的宾语从句中。（=if only）要是该多好啊！；但愿I wish we could go swimming( 表示将来, 用“would/could do”。)I wish the weather were better.( 表示现在，用过去式（be用were）。)I wish that

5、I had known the answer then.（对过去的事情表示遗憾，用“had done”）六、在表示命令、请求、建议的动词如order, suggest, advise, command, demand, request, require, insist, desire, propose等后的宾语从句中以及由上述动词变来的名词之后的表语从句、同位语从句和过去分词所构成的“It is +过去分词 +that 从句”结构中，谓语动词都用“(should) do”。例如：They demanded that Bob go there at once.What is needed is

6、a change in land ownership, and it has been suggested that the land should be shared equally among the peasants.七、虚拟语气用在as if(=as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示与现在事实相反；用“had done”表示与过去事实相反；用“would do”表示与将来的事实可能相反。例如：Does it seem as if he pretended to be poor?He looked at me as if I were mad 但是，as i

7、f引导的从句中，如果表示真实的情况，则用陈述语气。例如：It looks as if it is pure gold.八、用在“It is (high/about) time +that从句”(正是做的时候)及“Would you mind if +从句”结构中，从句中的谓语动词一般用过去式。例如：It's time I went and picked up my little girl from school.Would you mind if I smoked in the office next door?九、would rather后跟从句时，从句中的谓语动词用did表示现在或

8、将来；用“had done”表示过去。例如：I'd rather he came back now.Id rather you hadnt come yesterday.十、在“It is + strange(important, natural, necessary, etc.)+ that从句”结构中，从句中的谓语动词用“should do”。例如：It is strange that he should say that.It is important that we should learn English well.1.She couldnt have answered th

9、e question if she _a few books on world history.A. hadnt readB. havent readC. wouldnt readD. didnt read1. I was ill that day, otherwise I _the sports meet.A. would take part inB. had taken part inC. took part inD. would have taken part in2. The child talks to us as if he _a grown-up.A. isB. will beC

10、. had beenD. were3. _the clouds, you would find the plane in the sky easily.A. Were it not forB. If it hadnt been forC. If it were notD. Had it not been for4. If I had known that, I _so.A. wouldnt doB. wont doC. didnt doD. wouldnt have done5. But for the Party, he _of hunger 30 years ago.A. would ha

11、ve diedB. must have diedC. would dieD. died6. Without your help, I _the exam last term.A. would have passedB. wouldnt passC. would have failedD. failed in7. If it _so hard, wed go to town.A. isnt rainingB. werent rainingC. doesnt rainD. isnt going to rain8. He _you if you _to see him this afternoon.

12、A. might tell, were goingB. fold, were goingC. might have told, had goneD. should tell, went9. Our former mathematics teacher died of cancer last term, otherwise he _.A. will still workB. should still workC. would still have workedD. would still be working10. What would you do if the war _.A. is bro

13、ken outB. will break outC. were to break outD. would break out11. The soldier died in the hospital. He _ if the doctor _on him two hours earlier.A. might be saved, operatedB. could be saved, had operatedC. could have been saved, had operatedD. had been saved, was operated13._you _last Wednesday, you

14、 might know it well.A. Did, comeB. Had, comeC. If, cameD. Were, to come14. _he would have succeeded in the examinations.A. Had he worked hardB. If he worked hardC. If he works hardD. If he has worked hard15._ we would still be leading a hard life.A. Had China been liberatedB. Had China not been libe

15、ratedC. If China hadnt liberatedD. Had not China been liberated状语从句1时间状语从句 when, while ,as, after, before, since, as soon as, the moment/minute, immediately, no sooner . than, hardly.when, scarcely.before/when, each time, every time, till, until, by the time, whenever, (1) 时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来，现在完成时表示将

16、来完成时 I will discuss this with you when we meet.(2) when, while, as 都可以表示“当.的时候” when 引导的从句中的动作可以是和主句中的动作同时发生，也可以是 先后发生 What do we use when we write on a blackboard? When he got to the door, he took out his key.(3)as强调主句和从句的动作同时发生“一边一边” They shouted as they ran.(4) while只指时间段，不指时间点，从句动词只限于持续性动词 Dont

17、speak so loud while he is sleeping. 注意：1.when从句与主句动作先后发生时，不能与while, as互换 When he has finished his work, he tales a short rest. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun. 2.when从句动词为即时性动词时不能用while替换。 When he came yesterday, we were playing basketball. 说明：此时，when也不能用as替换，因为as 从句为延续性动词时，主句通常

18、也必须是延续性动词。 注意：when 和while 还可以作并列连词用 when 表示正在这时 be about to do sth. when / be doing sth.when / had done.when while 表示“而，却” 表示对比 I like swimming while he likes skating. While 表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句While I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.(3) before 与after 后面主语和系动词不可省略。 He went ho

19、me after he was examined. 不可变成：He went home after examined.(4) 表示“一就” as soon as, the moment / minute, immediately (5) 刚就 no soonerthan / hardlywhen 主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时 No sooner had he arrived home than he sent me a letter. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.(6) till, until (一般情况下till不放

20、在句首) till, until 用于肯定句时，主句的动词为延续性动词 I shall wait till he comes. Till, until 用于否定句时，主句的动词为即时性动词 I didnt go to bed until my father came back. 注意：对notuntil时间状语从句进行强调时，要把否定词not 放在until 前，主句的否定形式变成肯定形式。 It was not until my father came back that I went to bed.(7) by the time 引导的时间状语从句，如果从句中的时间为过去时间，主句的时态为

21、had done（状态动词用过去式），如果从句的时间为将来时间，主句的事态为will have done（状态动词用一般将来时）。 By the time he arrived, we had had our dinner. By the time he came back, it was already 12:00. By the time you reach the top of the hill, you will have broken down. By the time you get to the station, I will be there.2地点状语从句 where, wh

22、erever Go where you like. Wherever I go, I will miss you. Where there is a will, there is a way.注意：不要和where引导的定语从句搞混了。 Do you know where he lives? Do you know the place where he lives?3.条件状语从句 once, if , unless, so/as long as, on condition that, in case, lest, providing 如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时。 If he

23、comes tomorrow, hell call me. Dont come unless I call you.4. 原因状语从句 as, since, because, now that, seeing that, given that, considering that, for为并列连词，置于主句后，常有逗号分开，表示一种附带的解释、说 明，语气最弱。since 所引导的从句一般置于主句前，表示显而易见或众所周知的原因,相当与汉语“既然”。as引导原因状语从句和since差不多。表示的原因已经非常明显，不必加以强调，相当与“由于”。Because引导的原因状语从句表示直接的，根本的原

24、因，用来回答why提出的问题。 5让步状语从句 as, though, although, even though/if, whether. or, whenever, wherever, while,when, however, whoever, whatever, whichever , no matter how( where, when, which, what.) However (no matter how)expensive it may be, Ill take it. Young as he is, he knows a lot.= Though he is young, W

25、e wont discouraged even if/though we fail ten times. 注意：though可以作副词，放在句尾。 as引导的让步状语从句把名词，形容词提前，名词前不用冠词。6.结果状语从句 so that, so. that., such. that. He didnt plan his time well, so that he didnt finish the work in time. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.7.目的状语从句 so that, in order th

26、at ,从句中使用一些情态动词 may, (might, will, would, can, could )+ 动词原形 Lets take the front seas so that we may see more clearly. He took the name down for fear that he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.8方式状语从句 (just) as, as if /though Do in Rome as the Romans do. Sometimes

27、 we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. She stood at the door as if she were waiting for someone.9. 比较状语从句 as. as., not as/so.as., than , the more, the more It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing. The result was not as/so good as I had expected. The busier he is, the happ

28、ier he feels. The house is three times as big as ours.定语从句归纳与总结通过初中的学习，同学们了解到，汉语中“的”前面的部分是定语，修饰名词作定语的常见形式是形容词、形容词短语、介词短语、分词等。例如： 一场精彩的比赛a wonderful match 一个挤满人的房间a room full of people 那个穿红裙子的女孩the girl in the red skirt 卧在地上的狗the dog lying on the floor 如果用一个句子作定语来修饰名词或代词，那么，这个句子就叫作定语从句。定语从句放在被修饰的词的后面

29、，被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。先行词与定语从句之间要有连接词连接，这个连接词我们称其为关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as; 关系副词：when, where, why。定语从句考点：（1）关系词的选择；（2）that和which的区别；（3）关系词的省略问题；（4）介词在定语从句中位置（介词 + 关系代词）；（5）as引导的定语从句；（6）定语从句的先行词和关系词当中的插入语关系代词一、弄清关系代词所指及其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。 1 先行词指物时，用关系代词thatwhich在从句中作主语或宾语。如：

30、He bought a coat thatwhich cost little     他买了一件便宜上衣。（作主语）    The car which that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one    他昨天买的车是个二手货。（作宾语）1 The island _ he visited last year is far from the town. The island_ he lived in his childhood is far from the to

31、wn. A. which B. in where C. at which D. on which2The glass cup I bought is _ orange. The glass cup I bought is _ orange one. A. an B. the C./ D. such3Is this the church _ you visited the other day? Is this church _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. the one D. in which2 先行词指人时，用关系代词thatw

32、ho在从句中作主语或宾语（在口语中，代替whom）。如：    The man who that gave a speech on TV is the president     昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统。（作主语）    This is the strange man thatwhowhom I met yesterday      这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人。（作宾语）1.He brought forward a plan _ we didnt agree.

33、.He brought forward a plan _ we didnt accept. A. with which B. to which C. for which D./2.The woman _ he married was a doctor. .The woman _ he was married was a doctor. A. which B. whom C. to whom D. with whom 3.The team,_ was formed last year, played well today. .The team, _ are all students, playe

34、d well today. A. that B. which C. as D. who3 whose在从句中作定语，既可指人，作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物，作“某（些）物的”解。如：    This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake    这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。    We live in a house whose windows open to the south &

35、#160;  我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里。1.Mary, _ I went to the exhibition, is an actress. Mary, _ car I went to the exhibition, is an actress. A. whose B. in whose C. whom D. with whom2This is the hill, _ top is covered with snow. This is the hill, _ the top is covered with snow. This is the hill, _ is covered

36、 with snow. This is the hill, and _ top is covered with snow.A. its B. which C. of which D. whose4。理清上述关系还能帮助我们判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数。又如：    He is one of the students who work hard    他是学习努力的学生之一。（who指先行词the students）    He is the only one of the students who goe

37、s abroad 他是学生中唯一出国的。（who指先行词the only one）1.He is one of the students who _ often late. 1.He is the one of the students who _ often late. A. is B. are C. come D. comes二、记清多用关系代词that的几种情况： 1 先行词为all， everything， nothing， something， anything， little， few， much等不定代词时。如：     There is littl

38、e that I can use     几乎没有什么我能用的了。2 先行词被all， each， few， much， every， no， some， any等不定代词修饰时。如：     All the books that you need are here     你所需要的书都在这儿。3 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：     This is the first composition that he has written in English

39、0;   这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。4 先行词既有人又有物时。如：     He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited     他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。5 主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。如：    Who is the man that is speaking over there？    在那里说话的人是谁？6 先行词被the only，the very，

40、 the last等修饰时。如：     This is the very gun that I am looking for     这正是我在找的枪。7 关系代词在从句中作表语时。如：     He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago    他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。 8.被修饰词为数词时，只用that。 He bought two cats yesterday. Now I can see the t

41、wo that are playing in the garden. 9.如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which，另一个用that，以避免重复。 He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 10.主句是there be 结构，修饰其主语的定语从句用that（但修饰人用who）。 There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank.1The team,_ was formed last year, played well today.

42、The team, _ are all students, played well today. A. that B. which C. as D. who三、定语从句中用which不用that的情况：1)当关系代词前有介词时：This is the house of which the windows face south.2)引导非限制性定语从句，which可代表先行词或前句，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。Tom did the experiment successfully, which made us happy. His dog, which was very old, beca

43、me ill. 3)先行词是that时，引导词用which。 Whats that which was bright in the car?4）一个句子两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.四、先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：1) This is the article written by him th

44、at he spoke to you about.2) He was the only person in this country who was invited.3)Word came that they were only allowed to learn German.五、定语从句中的插入语上周我碰到了你认为与他一起工作很愉快的那个人。Last week I came across the man who you think is pleasant to work with.This is the suggestion _ very valuable.A. that I think i

45、t is B. which I think is C. which is I think D. I think it is关系副词where, when和why  一、 关系副词where引导的定语从句1 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。例如：   The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehis

46、torical rock paintings by chance    那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。   在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地点状语。2 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如：   The soldiers rushed into the room where in which they found those gold bars士兵冲进房间，在那里他们发现了那些金条。3当表示地点的先行词在从句中

47、不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。试比较：   The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that which） people all over the world look forward to visiting     长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。   The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have cr

48、eated the brilliant Chinese civilization    长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。   1Well meet at the same place _ we met last time. Well remember our first class _ Mr White taught us and we never forget it. A. where B. as C. which D. that2Is this the factory _Mr Li once worked? .Is this

49、the factory _ My Li once worked in? .Is this factory _ Mr Li once worked in? .Is this the only factory _ Mr Li once worked in? Is this the factory in _ Mr Li once worked? .It is in this factory _ Mr Li once worked? A. that B. which C. where D. the one二、关系副词when引导的定语从句1当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year，

50、month， week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。例如：   Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep    伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词which”的形式。例如：   All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever rem

51、ember the date when on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong    海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。3当先行词为the time， the moment， the day， the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that引导。例如：   The moment (that when） I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd  

52、60; 当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。   Do you still remember the day we got to know each other    你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？   这时的定语从句（省略了when或that），实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。4当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。例如：   The film reminded me of those miserable day

53、s (that which） I spent in my childhood     这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。1.Well never forget the days _ we spent together. Well never forget the days _ we worked together. A. that B. when C. whose D. whom三、关系副词why引导的定语从句1当先行词是表示原因的名词reason, excuse, explanation时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词

54、的内容。例如：   Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine   你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？2我们也可以用for which来替代why。例如：   The reason why for which you failed， I think， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mothers advice    我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。注意：在“the reason why sb does sth is that从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。