英语：定语从句教学案.doc

1、定语从句I概念定语从句通常是指用来修饰或限制某一名词或代词的从句，其作用相当于形容词。1 .先行词：被定语从句所修饰和限制的名词或代词称之为先行词。2 .关系词：引导定语从句的词。关系词关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but, than关系副词when, where, why解题思路：找先行词，看先行词在定语从句中充当何种成分，然后确定用何种关系词。He still lives in the house is in the north of the city.He still lives in the housewindow faces to th

2、e south.He still lives in the house there is a piece of furniture.（先行词the house分别在定语从句中作主语、定语、地点状语。因此分别用which/that; whose; where.）I ' ll never forgehe days we spent together.I ' ll never forgethe days we stayed together.（先行词the days分别在定语从句中作宾语、时间状语。因此分别用 which/that; in which/ when.）The reaso

3、n he gave us was reasonable.The reason he didn ' t attend the meeting was that he was ill.（先行词the reason分别在定语从句中作宾语、原因状语。因此分别用which/that; why.）This is the only way you can find.I didn ' t lithe way he spoke to his mother.（先行词the way分别在定语从句中作宾语、方式状语。因此分别用 that或省略；in which/that或省略）那么该如何确定关系词呢？

4、首先看在限制性定语从句中：当先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语/宾补时：主语宾语表语/宾补人who; thatwho; whom; that; /that物which, thatwhich; that; /人和物thatthat; /1) The lady who/that came to our class i s from Australia.2) I visited the country which/that had been bombed by the US-led NATO a month before.3) He is the person (who/whom/that) I

5、met in the park yesterday.4) I ' ll never forghe years (which/that) I spent with my cousin in Australia?5) Watch the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.6) We liked the farmers and their farm (that) we visited yesterday.7) He is not the man that he used to be.8) Hong Kong isn the City

6、that it used to be.9) I ' m nhe fool that you thought me.注意：1.先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，一般用 who或that都可以。但在下列情况下，通常用 who,而不用 that。1) 当先行词是 people, those, one/ones, anyone/anybody 等时People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the c

7、loth.Anyone/Anybody who breaks the rules is punished.One who doesn ' t work hard will never be happy.2) He who用于谚语、格言中He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man 不至U长城斗£好汉He who plays with fire gets burnt.玩火者必自焚He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.不犯错误的人事无成He laughs best who la

8、ughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好 .He who hesitates is lost.当断不断，必受其乱3)在非限制性定语从句中Charlie Chaplin, who died in 1977, is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the history of the cinema.4)在分隔定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.教你们德语的老师明天来5) 一个句子带有两个定语从句，一个用 who,另一个用that.

9、The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.在会上受到表扬的那个学生是班长，他谦虚好学2 .在下列，f#况下，通常用that,而不用who1)先行词前面有 the first, the last, the only或the same等所修饰时She is the last man (that) I want to see.她是我最不愿意见到的人She is the only person that understands me.She is

10、 the same teacher that was praised the other day.2)主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时Who that has common sense will do such a thing?Which one of us that knows something about physics does not know this?3 .先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，一般用 which或that都可以。但在下列情况下，通常用that,而不用which.。1) .先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词所修饰时，通常用 thatThis is the

11、 best article that has been written on the subject.This is the first composition (that) I have written in English.2) .当先行词是 all, any, anything, nothing, everything, much, little 等时，通常用 thatI have done all (that) you told me to.Is there anything (that) I can do for you?This book contains much/little

12、that is useful.3) .当先行词被 all, any, the very, the only, the last 等修饰时，通常用 that.All the books that have been selected are useful ones.Is there any question that troubles you much?Corn was not the only food that was taken to Europe.4) .主句是 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，通常用that.Which of the books that you have read i

13、s the most instructive?5) 在下列情况下，通常用which ，而不用that.1) 介词的宾语He paid the boy 10 dollars for washing ten windows, most of which had not been cleaned for years.2) 在非限制性定语从句中，代表前面的名词或整个句子One of the Charlie Chaplin s most famous films was “ The Gold Rush ” , which was made in 1925.Carol said the work woul

14、d be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.5 .当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，关系代词通常不能省略。但是，当定语从句是there be 结构时，可以省略。We must make full use of the time (that) there is left to us and do as much as I can for the people.我要充分利用我剩下的岁

15、月尽量为人民多做些事This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.这是到南京的最快的一班车6 .注意下列两种句式的定语从句：1) It is (high/about) time (that) 过去式2) It/This/That is/will be the first/second/third - time (that)从句的时态用现在完成时It/This/That was the first/second/third time (that)从句的时态用过去完成时It is time we went to bedIt is the

16、first time that he has come to meet me at the station.It will be the second time that I have been there.It was the first time that he had passed the examination in English.7.注意避免出现以下几种情况：1) The storybook (which/that) I have just read it cannot be easily forgotten.定语从句中不可使用与关系词意义相重复的词。应删除 it,因为it与关系代

17、词which/that在意义相重复。2) Her two daughters who are studying in Beijing.缺少谓语动词，应去掉 who, 改为 Her two daughters are studying in Beijing.3) Prices of daily goods are bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.两个谓语动词， 缺少连接词。改为 Prices of daily goods (which are) bought through a computer can be lo

18、wer than store prices.4) Is this museum they visited last week?缺少表语，力口上 the one 使句子成立。 改为 Is this museum the one they visited last week? /Is this the museum they visited last week?5) We all like Harry because he is a man whom everybody thinks is pleasant to get along with.将 whom 改为 who. everybody th

19、inks 是插入语。He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.当先行词在定语从句中作定语时:指人whoseof whom指物of which1) They study in a classroom whose windows (the windows of which/of which the windows) are broken2) Do you know the man whose house (the house of whom/of whom the hou

20、sewas burned down?2.介tJ+whose+宾语”引导的定语从句。1) The boss in whose department Mr. King worked called at the hospital.2) The engineer, from whose doctor we know all the truth, was put in a women' s room.3) The doctor, with whose help the sick child was saved, is very kind to her patients.3在下列情况下，只能用 o

21、f whom, of which.而不用whose引导定语从句。1) .定语从句的主语是 some, most, many, few, much, little 等时.About 200 people, many of whom were Europeans, worked on the project.Those foreign engineers, most of whom have never been to China before, are enjoying their work here.They gave me much ink, little of which is red.2

22、) .定语从句的主语是 all, none, both, neither, each等时She has two sons, both of whom are PLA men.He gave us many books, none of which was interesting.3) .定语从句的主语是数词时In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, 12 of which/of which 12 were won by women.There are forty-five students in our class, two third

23、s of whom are girls.4) .在定语从句中作表语的定语时Look! There come a lot of students, of whom Lucy is one.The stories about the Long March, of which this is one example, are well written.三 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时：状语时间状语When地点状语Where原因状语Why方式状语in which; that; /1) . My girl friend told me the day on which /when she was bor

24、n.2) The bookstore in which/where his sister works is the largest one in Nanjing.3) . The reason for which /why I ' m writing to you is to tell you about a party on Saturday.4) . I don ' t like the way (in which / that) you speak to her.注意：1 .when/where=at/in/on which 等 why=for which.2 .原因状语

25、其先行词通常是reason,方式状语其先行词通常是 way3 .当先行词是 situation, point, case, conditions 等相当于 under which, in which 等。表示“在什么情况下， 从一 中”。He has got himself into a dangerous situation where he has no control.The newly-married couple quarreled so much that they reached the point where they had to separate from eachothe

26、r.这对新婚夫妇吵架吵得这么凶，以至于到了不得不分手的地步we had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy. 我们必须面对压力很大的情况四 as 的用法 :1 .引导限制性定语从句当先行词被the same, such, so, as所修饰时，关系代词通常用as1) . You have the same opinion as I have.2) . He s such a funny sort of person as I don t understand at all3) . Here is so heavy a stone as

27、 no one can remove.4) . You will see as many children as come 你将见到所有到来的孩子们比较：That is the same bike as 110st.那辆自行车和我丢失的一模一样(the same - as泛指同一类)That is the same bike that I lost.那就是我丢失的那辆自行车 (the samethat特指同一个)2 .引导非限制性定语从句as 引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念，在句子中充当主语或者宾语。可以位于句首、句末或者句中。As was usual with him, he we

28、nt out for a walk after dinner. 他又像往常一样，吃完晚饭后出去散步了He was late for school, as is often the case. 他上学迟到了，这一点对他来说是常有的事The Beatles, as many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.你们这样年纪的人大多还记得披头士乐队吧，他们都是利物浦人3 .as和which的区另1Jas 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念时,意思是“这一点 ”。常常可以通用。This elephant i

29、s like a snake, as/which anybody can see.但是 :1） .as引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念，可以位于句首、句末或者句中。而which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于句末。As is known to us everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.= The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to us everybody.=The moon, as is known to us ev

30、erybody, travels round the earth once every month.2） as引导的非限制性定语从句，除了具有 which的功能外，还多了一层含义："正如所（期待/预料/想象/猜测/知道/）的那样”。Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.He was punished, as I had expected.3）当从句和主句语义一致时，用 as;反之用which.She has married again, as was expected.She has married again,

31、 which was unexpected.4）定语从句是主谓宾补结构或是否定句时，用 which而不用as.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy.Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which she doesnall.' t like

32、at五but的用法：but作关系代词引导定语从句时，用于否定词语之后，相当于who do/does not或that do/does not意思是 无人/事物不”.There is no man but feels pity for starving children.=There is no man who does not feelpity for starving children 没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子There is not one of us but wishesto help you.=There is not one of us that does not wishto

33、 help you. 我们没有一个人不想帮助你 六than的用法：than作为关系代词，引导的一个带有比较意义的定语从句。其先行词是 more或者more所修饰的词。在从句中做主语、宾语。Yesterday he ate more than was good for him.昨天他吃的太多了，对健康没好处。You spent more money than was intended to be spent.你花的钱超出了原来的打算II非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句通常和主句之间用逗号隔开。主语指人who指物which宾语指人whom指物which定语whose状语时间状语when地点状语wh

34、ereEinstein, who cared little for money, made great contributions to modern physics.The young musician, whom you often talk about, will go abroad for further study.The museum, which we visited last week, is newly built.His grandfather was born in 1937, when the Anti-Japanese War broke out.Galileo li

35、ved in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.注意：1. that; why不能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，不能省略。指人用 whom ,指物用which.。2 .限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一部分，不用逗号隔开，翻译成“的”.而非限制性定语从句是对主句的补充说明，常用逗号隔开，翻译成两个简单句。比较：Her brother who is a teacher is strict with her.她那位当老师的哥哥对她要求严格（不止一个哥哥）Her brot

36、her, who is a teacher, is strict with her.她哥哥是一位老师，对她要求严格（只有一个哥哥）The journalists who reached Beijing yesterday have already started to work.昨天到达北京的那些记者们已经开始工作了（暗示还有更早到达或尚未到达的记者们）The journalists, who reached Beijing yesterday, have already started to work.那些记者们已经开始工作了，他们是昨天到达北京的3 .当先行词是人名、地名等专有名词时，或当

37、先行词是世界上独一无二的事物时，一般用非限制性定语从句。Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14,1865 at a theatre inWashington D. C.His father, who is a drug-taker, is very weak.I have been to Mount Everest, which is the highest mountain in the world.The earth, which we live on, is

38、round.4 .破折号后面和括号里面的定语从句看作是非限制性定语从句The government-which promised to cut taxes-will be popular.这个政府将会得人心，它保证要减税The house (for which he really paid too much money) stands in a large garden.那房子座落在一个大花园里，那房子他确实买贵了III介词+关系词介词+whom(人)which (物)1这一结构用什么关系词取决于先行词的指代.指人用whom,指物用which.注意不能用 who或that,也不能省略.用什么介

39、词取决于定语从句中谓语动词结构及介词+whom/which”在句中白作用.He is the man for whom my sister bought a gift.(先行词指人，用 whom,谓语动词是 buy sth. for sb.这一习惯搭 配.故用for whom)The two things of/about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.(先行词指物，用 which.谓语动词是be sure of /about这一习惯搭配.故用of/about which)2

40、 .这一结构中的介词的位置比较灵活.但是 动词+介词”构成的短语动词一般不拆开.The person (who/whom/that) you should write to is Mr. Ball.=The person to whom you should write is Mr. Ball.Nearby were two canoes (which /that) they had come to the island in.=Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.The babies (who/whom/th

41、at) the nurses are looking after are very healthy.Is this the book (which/that) she was looking for?3 .where和when有时用作关系代词相当于which point/place和which time用来充当定语从句中介词的宾语His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees.He stood near the north wind

42、ow, from where she could see the whole garden.I met him ten years ago, since when I haven' t seen anything of him.4 .介词+which+宾语In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home.（by which time 即 by after 5:30 p.m.“到五点三十分以后”）Excitement deprive

43、d me of all power of utterance, in which case I would but stand there.Water boils at 100C,at which temperature it changes to gasJane spent four years in college, during which time she studied medicine.Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognized her at firs

44、t sight.I called her by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize.5 .短语介词+which ”的结构.They arrived at a house, in front of which sat a small boy.Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate with each other.He was found disappointed at his failure, because of which he was criticized.四.分隔定语

45、从句一般说来，定语从句是紧跟在先行词后面作先行词的定语，但有时出于平衡句子结构或强调某个成份的需要而将定语从句与先行词分隔开来。这样的从句称为分隔定语从句。I was the only person in my office who was invited （被状语分隔）Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?But the Southern states wanted to set up a country of their ow

46、n, where they would be free to keep black slaves（被定语分隔）What have I said that makes you so angry?我说了什么,把你气成这个样子？The days are gone when we used foreign oil （被谓语分隔 ）The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village .（被宾语分隔 ）But his enemies, the slave owners in

47、 the south and the bankers in big cities, who had grown rich on the work ofslaves, could not let Lincoln continue his work.被同位语分隔 )五.定语从句中的主谓一致(1).先行词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数以及其形式取决于先行词。A biologist is a person who has a great knowledge of biology.L who am your friend, will try my best to help you.(2

48、)在one ofwho/that的结构中，先行词是of后面的复数名词，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式在the(only/very)one ofwho/that的结构中，先行词是the(only/very)one,定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式He is one of the students in our class who were praised by the headmaster yesterday.他是我班昨天受到校长表扬的学生中的一个He is the only one of the students in our class who was praised by the headm

49、aster yesterday.他就是我班昨天唯一受到校长表扬的那个学生六.定语从句和其他结构的区别1 .定语从句与分词Who is the comrade that is standing by the doo? =Who is the comrade standing by the doo?They built a highway which leads into the mountains尸They built a highway leading into the mountains.They ' re problemthat have been left over by his

50、tory.They ' re problemseft over by history.2 .定语从句与并列结构、独立主格结构A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, most of whom are women.=A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, and most of them are women.=A team of 15 Indian experts are or

51、ganizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, most of them women.3 .定语从句与强调句型Was it the day on which /when you joined the army?Was it on the day that you joined the army? 如果It is/was的后面接的是名词词组，一般是定语从句。如果It is/was的后面接的是副词、介词短语，一般是强调句型。4 .定语从句与主语从句Anyone who leaves (Those who leave) the room lastught to tur

52、n off the lights.=Whoever leaves the room lasought to turn off the lights.As is known to us all Charles Babbage invented the first computer.=It is known to us all that Charles Babbage invented the first computer.5 .定语从句与宾语从句1)由what-clause引导的宾语从句His father ' s second wifead/everything (that) she

53、could (do) to help him.=His father ' s second wifewhat she could (do) to help him.2)介词后面的宾语从句Kennedy and Johnson, both of whom were murdered in their terms, once co-worked as president and vice-presidentIt was a matter of who would take the positionHe will shoot at whoever comes near him.6 .定语从句与表语从句What is