如何区别where引导的定语从句与状语从句

1、高中英语疑难点汇总（Difficult points of high school English ）之如何区别where引导的定语从句与状语从句Teaching contents: Difficult points of high school EnglishTeaching goals: Explain difficult points and let students understand and use them .Teaching important points : Enable students to identify the difficult points, and enab

2、le students to solve problems in a short time. Teaching difficult points : Enable students to master the difficulties, in the exam can apply to obtain high scores.Teaching methods : First students practice, after teacher explains, the students do exercise to consolidate difficult pointsTeaching proc

3、edures and ways : (omitted)The first period先请看下列几道高考试题: ( First look at the following tests of Entrance Examination )1. The famous scientist grew up _ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai. （2002年春季高考上海） A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever 2. He's got himself into a dangerous situatio

4、n _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. （2001年上海） A. where B. which C. while D. why 3. She found her calculator _ she lost it. （2000年上海） A. where B. when C. in which D. that 4. You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. （NMET99） A. when B. where C. then D. there 5.

5、 After the war, a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre. （NMET97） A. that B. where C. which D. when 6. After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the sm all town _ he grew up as a child. （NMET96） A. which B. where C. that D. when 7. When you read the book, you'

6、;d better make a mark _ you have any questions. （MET86） A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where 8. I can still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. （MET86） A. what B. which C. that D. where 不难看出, 上述试题都考查where引导的定语从句与状语从句。在第2, 6, 8题中, where引导的是定语从句, 答案分别

7、是A, B和D。在第1, 3, 4, 5, 7题中, where引导的是地点状语从句, 答案分别是C, A, B, B和D。The second period 【唐建华讲解】如何区别where引导的定语从句与状语从句呢? 可从以下几个方面加以区别。 一、 where引导定语从句时, where是关系副词, 在从句中作地点状语, 其前面有表示地点的先行词, where引导的从句修饰先行词。EG：The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here. 我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。 This is the house where I

8、 lived two years ago. 这就是我两年前住的那个房子。 We will start at the point where we left off. 我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。 二、 where引导状语从句时, where是从属连词, where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地点的先行词。EG：Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet. 武汉位于长江和汉江汇合处。 Make a mark where you have any doubts or questio

9、ns. 在有疑问的地方做一个记号。 I found my books where I had left them. 我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。 有时, where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义, 可放在主句的前面, 而where引导的定语从句则不能。例如: Where there is a will, there is a way. 谚语有志者事竟成。 Where there is water, there is life. 有水的地方就有生命。 三、在有些情况下, where引导的定语从句可转换为where引导的地点状语从句。E。G：A tall building was put

10、 up at the place where there used to be a desert. （A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert. ）在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。 Bam boo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often. （Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often. ）温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。The third period

11、定语从句的另外相关重要知识I. 主语和谓语一致1、关系代词在定语从句中主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如：The boy who is standing at the door is my son.2、在one of the +复数名词+定语从句结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。例如：This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.3、在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语

12、，其谓语动词用单数。例如：This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject.II. 正确使用that 和which1、that 指物，有时也可以指人,which 指物，不能指人。Which 可以引导非限制性定语从句，也可以放在介词后面，that 则不能。例如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper?(正) Who is the man which is reading the newspaper?（误）The room in whic

13、h she lives is a large one.（正） The room in that she lives is a large one.（误）2、先行词前面有形容词最高级，序数词next, last, very, any, little, no 等修饰时，用that 不用which引导定语从句。例如：This is the best film that I have seen.（正） This is the best film which I have seen.（误）3、先行词是all, much, little, none等时，用that而不用which引Thats all th

14、at I want to say.（正） Thats all which want to say.（误）4、先行词是不定代词something, anything, anything, everything时，一般用that而不用which引导定语从句。例如：Is there anything that you want in this shop?（正） Is there anything which you want in this shop?（误）注：当something表示具体的事物，重要的东西，重要的人物等确定意义时，它是名词，关系代词用that 或which均可。例如：There w

15、as the mysterious something which/that they had worked so hard to find: radium.5、先行词是人和物时，要用that 而不用which/who引导定语从句。例如：He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all. （正）He talked about some writers and books which/who were unknown to us all.（误）6、先行词本身是that 时，一般用which引导定语从句。例如：Th

16、e predicate is that which is said of the subject.导定语从句。例如7、在who开头的疑问句中，若还要用关系代词引导定语从句时，用that引导定语从句。例如：Who is the girl that is singing in the hall?8、当关系词后面有插入语时用which引导定语从句。例如：Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English. III. 定语从句要用关系词引导。 例如：I ha

17、ve three friends, none of whom can speak French.（正）I have three friends, none of them can speak French.（误）注：若把逗号“，”改为分号“；”误句也就变为正确的句子了。IV. as 做关系代词的用法1 关系代词常出现在the sameas, suchas, soas, asas 等结构中This is not such a book as I expected.I live in the same building as he (lives in).Here is so big a stone

18、 as no man can lift.As many children as came ：here were my fathers pupils. the samethat和the sameas的区别I have bought the same watch as you have.我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。）This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的手表是同一块）2 as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前的整个句子（即先行词），可置于句首或句末。This elephant is like

19、a snake, as anybody can see.Mary was late for school, as often happened.As is known to all, the earth is round. as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：1as has been said before 如上所述2as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样3as is well known 众所周知4as was expected 正如预料的那样5as has been already pointed out正如

20、已经指出的那样6as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样which则不需要，例如：The man died last night, which is a lie.as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。V. 用关系代词还是关系副词先行词是表时时间、地点、原因的名词，引导定语从句是用关系副词还是用关系代词，关键在于关系词在从句中充当的成分。如果充当状语，就用关系副词引导定与从句；如果充当主语或宾语，则用关系代词。例如：This is the school where Mr Cheng works.This is the school that Mr Che

21、ng set up ten years ago.I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.I will never forget the day that I spent with Mr Isaak.That was the reason that he gave me yesterday.That was the reason why he gave me a note yesterday.注：1 关系副词一般可以改为“介词+which”。例如：The reason why/for which I didnt come this

22、morning is that it rained hard.October, 1st 1949 was the day when/on which the Peoples Republic of China was founded.This was the city where /in which he was taken away by the enemy.注：2 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。注：3 关系代词that 有一种特殊的用法。That 在限制性定语从句中可以作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式,代替when , where, why,或“介词+which”。例如：We wil

23、l never forget the year that(= when)SARS broke out in China.That is the place that(=where)the health workers fought against SARS.This was the reason that(=why)there were over 2000 SARS cases in Beijing.That was the way that (=in which) we fought against SARS.注：4 from where中的where 为关系代词。例如：He stood n

24、ear the north window, from where he could see the whole garden.He climbed up to the top of the temple, from where he could see nothing but trees.VI. 易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句1 定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分

25、，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较： We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分) We dont believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语)2 定语从句与状语从句。试比较： He left the key where he had been an hour before.(where引导地点状语从句，

26、相当于in the place where) He left the place where he lived for many years.(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place) He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.(as 引导定语从句) He is such a good teacher that we all like him.(that引导结果状语从句,suchthat “如此以致”3 定语从句与主语从句。试比较： As is known to us all, paper was first ma

27、de in China.(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.(it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句)4定语从句与强调结构。试比较： It is the house where I met the young man.(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语) It was in the house that I met the young man.(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in

28、the house.)The fourth period下面咱们一起来分析几道定语从句的难题。例1 It is the young man _ looked for _ caught the murderer.A. that who B. that they C . they that D theywhich分析：答案是C。本题考查了定语从句和强调句式。强调句式的结构是“It is + 强调部分 + that/who.”。they looked for前省略了关系代词that,因为先行词the young man 在从句中做looked for的宾语。强调句为It is the young m

29、an who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那个他们寻找的年轻人抓住了杀人犯”。例2 Is this factory _ we visited last year?A. where B in which C the one D at which分析：做这题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有the，因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是this factory is_ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory _ we visited last year.知道这一点后做题容易了，不能选A, B, D。因

30、为句子没有先行词。所以答案是C。从句前省略了关系代词that/which。题目如改为Is this the factory _we visited last year? 空格处应该用which 或 that。例3 The book, the cover _ is broken, is not mine.A. of it B for C whose D of which分析：答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。例4 This is Mr Smith, _ I think has somet

31、hing interesting to tell you.A . who B whom C. that D. x分析：此题同学们容易错选B，认为先行词Mr. Smith做think 的宾语。I think , you think, do you think 等表明某人观点的短语是插入语。插入语的特点是去掉不影响句子表达。所以做题时遇到插入语，先去掉，This is Mr.Smith, _ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A. 例5 Who _ has seen the TV film doesnt admire it?A . that

32、B who C which D as分析：先行词是who，到是指人，可为了避免重复，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。例6 You can never imagine what great trouble I have had _ the patient whoReceived a serious wound.A. treat B. to treat C treating D treated分析：迷惑的答案是D，同学们容易根据had确定用过去分词。而做好这题，关键是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困难。定语从句部分是I have

33、had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又有一个定语从句。答案是C。例7 This is the last time _ I shall give you a lesson.A. when B that C which D in which分析：答案是B。这里的time不指时间，而是次数。所以用that引导。例8I dont like the way _ you laugh at her.A . that B on which C which D as分析：此题先行词是the way，用。方式的短语是in this way。所以定语从

34、句应该是in which you laugh at her。但习惯上也可说that you laugh at her。或者什么也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。The fifth period学生再次练习：（定语从句典型陷阱题typical trap tests of attributive clause）1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. A. which wasB. it wasC. which wereD. them were【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 whi

35、ch 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _ some fruit shops.A. which isB. it isC. which areD. them are(2) The murde

36、r happened in an old building, beside _ the city police station.A. which areB. it isC. which isD. them are(3) Next month well move to a new building, next to _ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.A. which areB. it isC. which isD. them are2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and ask

37、ed, “Is there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的

38、around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？3. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。【分析】最佳答案是 B。as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。比较下面一题：_ is known to everybody that the moon travels round

39、 the earth once every month.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What此题答案选 A，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句。再比较下面一组题，其中第(1)题选 B，第(2)题选 D：(1) _ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing. A. WhichB. AsC. ThatD. It(2) _ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school

40、is increasing. A. WhichB. AsC. ThatD. It4. David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like.A. thatB. whoC. asD. whom【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such that 句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such that (如此以至)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such that ，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。

41、选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为“所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like him.A. thatB. whoC. asD. whom请再做以下试题（答案选D）

42、：It was not such a good dinner _ she had promised us.A. likeB. thatC. whichD. as5. The buses, most of _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. thatB. itC. themD. which【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses。【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D：(1) His

43、 house, for _ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.A. thatB. itC. themD. which(2) Ashdown forest, through _ well be driving, isnt a forest any longer.A. thatB. itC. themD. which(3) This I did at nine oclock, after _ I sat reading the paper.A. thatB. itC. themD. which类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：(4) Geo

44、rge, with _ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.A. thatB. himC. themD. whom(5) Her sons, both of _ work abroad, will come back home this summer.A. thatB. whoC. themD. whom(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _ were still university students. A. thatB. whoC. themD. whom6. He had

45、thousands of students, many of _ gained great success in their own field.A. whomB. themC. whichD. who【陷阱】容易误选 B，用 them 代指 students。【分析】最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field 为非限制性定语从句。假若在many of 的前面加上连词and，则选答案B。比较以下各题(答案均选A)：(1) He asked a lot of questions, none of _ was easy t

46、o answer.A. whichB. themC. whatD. that(2) He asked a lot of questions, and none of _ was easy to answer.A. themB. whichC. whatD. that(3) He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _ knew anything about the other.A. whomB. themC. whichD. who(4) He told me that he had two girl-friends, and ne

47、ither of _ knew anything about the other.A. themB. whomC. whichD. who7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _ invited to his wedding.A. whomB. themC. whichD. who【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答

48、案便应选A。比较：(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ carried out in their work.A. whichB. themC. whatD. that答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ were carried out in their work.A. whic

49、hB. themC. whatD. that答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _ were carried out in their work.A. whichB. themC. whatD. that答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。8. On Sundays there were a lot of ch

50、ildren playing in the park, _ parents seated together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playi

51、ng in the park, _ parents were seated together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that选B。whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated。(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _ parents were seated together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. tha

52、t选A。因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sitting together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that选A。their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sat together joking.

53、A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that选B。whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 sat。(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents were sitting together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that选B。whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were

54、sitting。9. If the man is only interested in your looks, _ just shows how shallow he is.A. asB. whichC. whatD. that【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：(1) If you promise to go with us, _ will be OK.A. asB. whichC. and itD. that(2) If you want a double room, _ will cost another 15. A. asB. whichC. whatD. that(3) Whether you go or not, _ is quite all right with me. A. thatB. whichC. and itD. so(4) When I say two hours, _ includes time for eating. A. asB. whichC. wha