选修课----句子成分分析(菜鸟也能懂的)

1、 句子成分句子成分 名词名词 “名名”就是名称就是名称-人或事物的名称人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称具体的人或物体的名称:人名人名-Mike, Li Ming; 地名地名America ,China 动物名动物名-pig, dog; 植物名植物名-tree, wheat.抽象的事物的名称抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意主意),victory(胜利胜利),knowledge(知识知识). 代词，代词，何谓何谓“代代” ？即是替代的意思，主？即是替代的意思，主要是来替代名词，所以说名词和代要是来替代名词，所以说名词和代词关系是很近的，或者说词关系是很近的，或者说代词的实代词的实质就是名词，质

2、就是名词，正是这种血液关系，正是这种血液关系，绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起的作用是一样的。的作用是一样的。副词副词说人行走得快慢，讲话清楚，在英说人行走得快慢，讲话清楚，在英语里就要用语里就要用quickly（快地），（快地），slowly（慢地），（慢地），clearly（清楚地（清楚地）这些副词往往来修饰）这些副词往往来修饰动词动词。此外，此外，程度副词也可以修饰形容词程度副词也可以修饰形容词。副词很多是从形容词加。副词很多是从形容词加ly构成的构成的 形容词形容词：对事物或人物进行描述或修饰。对事物或人物进行描述或修饰。1). 通常位于通常位于be动词或系

3、动词动词或系动词 feel, look , seem等之后。等之后。2). 用来修饰名词或代词。用来修饰名词或代词。 介词介词 同同名词名词“关系关系”最好，是最好，是“铁铁” 哥们，所以往往你见到介词的地哥们，所以往往你见到介词的地方你就会见到名词方你就会见到名词,而且还有一个而且还有一个词类往往和他们两个往往在一起词类往往和他们两个往往在一起，那就是冠词，他们三个形成一，那就是冠词，他们三个形成一个个“小集团小集团”。 in the room ; on the desk . 连词连词， 如果我们想把如果我们想把单词与单词单词与单词、短语与短语短语与短语、句子与句子句子与句子连接起来就要用连

4、词。连词不连接起来就要用连词。连词不能单独作句子成分，只能和其他词类一起能单独作句子成分，只能和其他词类一起作句子成分。作句子成分。 常见的连词有：常见的连词有：and、but、or 、 both . and 、neither.nor 、not only .but also 、when 、 where、 before、 after 、 if 等等等等 冠词，冠词，英语中只有三个词：英语中只有三个词：aan (不定冠词不定冠词)the (定冠词定冠词)，简单来说，不定冠词表示泛指，定简单来说，不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指，冠词与名词关系紧冠词表示特指，冠词与名词关系紧密，一般是放在名词之前。

5、密，一般是放在名词之前。数词数词， 跟数字有关的词就是数词，英语跟数字有关的词就是数词，英语中的数词有两种，基数词和序数中的数词有两种，基数词和序数词。基数词，比如：词。基数词，比如：one two 、three 、 four、 five 、six 、 seven 等等等等 ，序数词，比如：，序数词，比如：first 、second、third 、fourth 、fifth 等等。等等。 词的修饰规则词的修饰规则 形容词修饰名词做定语或者形容词修饰名词做定语或者用在系动词后做表语用在系动词后做表语 副词修饰动词副词修饰动词/形容词形容词/副词做副词做状语状语句子成分句子成分定义定义 ：构成句子

6、的各个部分叫做句：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有子成分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次次要成分要成分；主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主语和谓语次要成分次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语语、补足语、同位语 句子的组成部分句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种语七种 主语主语是句子叙述的主体，可由是句子叙述的主体，可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。句等来承担。 主语（主语（subject）

7、句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名词）（名词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）（句子）（句子）（代词）（代词）找出句中主语找出句中主语The s

8、un rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in history. The poor are now living in the shelter. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名词）名词） （代词）（代词）（数词数词）（动名词）（动名词） （不定式）（不定式） （句子

9、）句子）(名词化的形容词）名词化的形容词）（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）1.During the 1990s, American country musiccountry music has become more and more popular. 2. We2. We often speak English in class.3.One-third One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swimTo swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. S

10、moking5. Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The richThe rich should help the poor.7.When we are going to have an English testWhen we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.ItIt is necessary to master a foreign to master a foreign languagelanguage.（名词（名词) )（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）

11、（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）（主语从句）（主语从句）（it it作形式主语，真正的主作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）语为后面的不定式） 谓语谓语 说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。谓语由动词来承担。 谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成 I saw him playing basketball in the playground. He looked after two babies. 复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动

12、词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词; He can speak English well. She doesnt seem to like dancing 宾语宾语是动作的对象或承受者，是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。语从句等来担任。 （三）（三）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者， 一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一般位于及物动词和介词后面。1.They saw an 1.They saw

13、 an exhibition exhibition yesterday.yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented 2.The heavy rain prevented meme from coming from coming to school on time.to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have fivefive. . 4.They helped 4.They helped the old

14、the old with their housework with their housework yesterday.yesterday.5.He pretended 5.He pretended not to see menot to see me. .6.I enjoy 6.I enjoy listening to popular musiclistening to popular music. .7.I think7.I think（thatthat）he is fit for his office.he is fit for his office.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数

15、词（数词)（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）（宾语从句）Show your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词（名词 ）( 代词）代词）(数词数词)(名词化

16、的名词化的形容词形容词)(三三)宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者（不定式）不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子） 宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语.直接宾直接宾语指物或事语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物间接宾语指人或动物. He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表语：（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态身份、特征和状态，它一般位于它一般位于系动词（如系动词（如be,

17、 become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后等）之后。表语一般由表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、及表语从词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、及表语从句句表示。表示。（四）表语（四）表语在系动词后的部分就是表语在系动词后的部分就是表语 The war was over. They seem to know the truth. Time is precious. Im not quite myself today. That remains a puzzle.1.I dont feel at ease.

18、 1.Our teacher of English is an 1.Our teacher of English is an AmericanAmerican. .2. Is it 2. Is it yoursyours? ?3.3. The weather has turned The weather has turned coldcold. .4.The speech is 4.The speech is exciting.exciting.5.Three times seven is 5.Three times seven is twenty onetwenty one? ?6.His

19、job is to teach English.6.His job is to teach English.7.His hobby7.His hobby（爱好）（爱好）is is playing footballplaying football. .8.The machine 8.The machine must be must be out of order.out of order.10.The truth is 10.The truth is that he has never been that he has never been abroadabroad. .（名词）（名词）（代词）

20、（代词）（形容词（形容词）（分词）（分词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（介词短语）介词短语）（表语从句）（表语从句）（五）定语（五）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 He is a clever boy. This is a bike factory There are 54students in our class. Do you known bettys sister? He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken

21、language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)定语后置：定语后置：如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要表示时，通常要前置前置。而。而由由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置表示时，通常则后置找出加下划线单词的定语并翻译句子：找出加下划线单词的定语并翻译句子：The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his

22、 daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?China is country with a long history.介词短语介词短语 修饰修饰countryChina is country with a long history.The woman with a baby in her arms is his wife.This is the best way to relax.动词不定式修饰动词不定式修饰wayThis is the best way to relax.This is the best way to relax.The

23、girl singing in the next room is Linda. 现在分词修饰现在分词修饰 girlThis is the funniest news found in the Internet.过去分词过去分词 found 修饰修饰news小结：小结：介词短语，不定式，过去分词短语，现在介词短语，不定式，过去分词短语，现在分词短语分词短语都可以放在名词后做后置定语。都可以放在名词后做后置定语。 （六）状语六）状语状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、让步，方式和伴随状结果、条件、方向、程度、让步，方式和伴

24、随状况等。况等。 I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train.时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语结果状语结果状语 I waited to see you. He often went to school by bus. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me if it is

25、 necessary. He went to school in spite of his illness.目的状语目的状语方式状语方式状语结果状语结果状语条件状语条件状语让步状语让步状语 I found the book interesting. I saw him playing football . I find it easy to learn English well . （七）宾语补足语（七）宾语补足语有些有些及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子身份和状态以

26、补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 make, have, see, find, call, get, have, let.(使役动词，感官动词，使役动词，感官动词，with的复合结构）的复合结构） 1.His father named him 1.His father named him XiaomingXiaoming. .2.They painted their boat 2.They painted their boat whitewhite. .3.Let the fresh air 3.Let the fresh air inin

27、. .4.We saw her 4.We saw her entering the roomentering the room. .5. We found everything in the lab5. We found everything in the lab in good orderin good order. .6. We will soon make our city 6. We will soon make our city what your city is now. what your city is now.（名词）（名词）（形容词）（形容词）（副词）（副词）（现在分词）（现在分词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（从句）（从句）找出句子中的宾语补足语找出句子中的宾语补足语一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分一、指出