专题09 语法无忧 时态语态在手（教师版）-【中考手册】2022年中考英语知识总梳理（牛津上海版）.docx

1、专题09语法无忧时态语态在手W：1 haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.3. 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：非延续性动词不能直接和for或since连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词，如 :come >be,come to >be in / at,go out be out,leave >be away,begin >be on,stop一 be over,buy* have,borrow* keep,open b

2、e open, close be closed,join >be a member of,put on weardie *be dead,catch a cold >have a cold,get to know >know,fall asleep be asleep,fall ill> be illbecome a teacher >be a teacher,finish be over,open sth - keep sth open,例：The old man died 4 years ago.-The old man has been dead for 4

3、 years.-It is 4 years since the old man died.-Four years has passed since the old man died.Rejoined the Parly 2 years ago.-He has been in the Party for 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago.-I have had the book for 5 days.7、since的四种用法1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)oI

4、have been here since 1989.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.2) since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句(从句通常用一般过去时，而主句一般用现在完成时)Great changes have taken place since you left.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.4) It is (has been) +段时间 + since 从句It is tw

5、o years since I became a postgraduate student.知识点八：过去完成时【知识梳理1】基本概念：表示在过去某一时间或动作以前己经完成了的动作。简言之，过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去"【知识梳理2】时间状语：by the time ,for since 等8.过去完成时 had +动词过去分词注：在 after/before 等 引导的状语从句中， 由于这类词本身能 够明确表示先后关 系，所以常用一般过 去时代替过去完成 时。1）表示过去某一时间或动作 发生以前己经完成的动作，即 “过去的过去"2）表示动作或状态从过去某 一时间

6、以前开始一直延续到 这一过去时间1) I had had my breakfast when he came.2) By the end of last term, they had learnt 800 English words.3) He said he had seen the film twice.4) After he finished his homework, he went to bed.by the end of when +从句 bcfore+过去时间知识点九：被动语态【知识梳理11语态的基本概念：语态是表示句子中主语和谓语动词之间的关系的术语。英语中只有两个语态：主动语

7、态和被动语态。主 动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。主动语态一一动作执行者；被动语态一一动作承受者例：I have returned the magazines to the library.The magazines have been returned to the library.The students cleaned their classroom after school every day.The classroom is cleaned by the students after school every day.【知识梳理2】被动语

8、态的构成教学建议：1. 被动语态的关键点：be动词的变化2. 老师师范讲解一般现在时的被动语态构成，然后由学生模仿变化其他时态的被动语态。1. 被动语态的基本结构：be+动词的过去分词2. 各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构：时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are +done一般过去时didwas/were +done现在进行时am/is/are +doingam/is/are +bcing done现在完成时have/has +donehave/has +been done一般将来时will/shall/be going to +dowill/shall/be going

9、 to +be done过去进行时Was/were +doingwas/were+ being done过去完成时had + donehad + been done过去将来时would/should/be going to+ dowould/should/be going to +be done含有情态动词can/may/niust +docan/may/must+ be done【知识梳理3】主动语态和被动语态的转换1. 主动语态变为被动语态 要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变成主格。 把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格代词变成宾格代词，并由b

10、y引导。 谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。Wc asked him to sing an English song.He was asked to sing an English song by us.主动语态：动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者被动语态：动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者批注：主动，主动，主去动；被动，被动，主被动。2. 带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态教学建议：1. 让学是了解什么叫双宾语及宾语补足语并举例说明；2. 给出具体例句让学生来变成被动。 谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语； 若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；

11、若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，旦在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for；She gave me a book.（变为被动语态）I was given a book by her.（间接宾语 me 改为了 主语）A book was given to me by her.（直接宾语 a book 改为了 主语）备注：此语法点应多呈现后接双宾语的动词详细讲解并加强练习。如：bring , take end ,show等3. 动词短语变为被动语态许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态动词 短语是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，|不nJ丢

12、掉构成动词短语的介词或为词|。We should speak to old men politely.Old men should be spoken to politely.4. 带宾语补足语的被动语态宾语后若有宾补，变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足 语。I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.5. 变被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中的感官动词see. hear, watch, feel,notice等，及使役动词l

13、et, make,have等后跟省略to的不定式， 变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to.He makes the girl stay at home.The girl is made to stay at home by him.备注：一感二听三让四看，变被动还原to.萨优选提升题"1. （2022上海黄浦一模）Dartthe best moment of her career at Wimbledon in 2019.A. enjoysB. enjoyedC. has enjoyed D. will enjoy2. （2022上海黄浦一模）Tom saw a traffic acc

14、ident when hehis bicycle along the road.A.ridesB.hasrodeC.was ridingD.had rode3. （2022上海青浦一模）By the end of last year, the charityover ten thousand homeless people.A.helpsB.hashelpedC.will helpD.had helped4. （2022上海虹口一模）In recent months, every corner of our neighbourhoodgreatly.A.are changingB.hascha

15、ngedC.had changedD.will change5. （2022-上海闵行一模）When my mother knocked at the door, Ithe latest magazine.A.readB.was readingC.had readD.would read6. （2022上海杨浦一模）Like all Greeks, shethe legend of Odysseus since childhood.A.knowsB.knewC.has knownD.will know7. （2022上海浦东新一模）This time yesterday, Ito my new

16、 class teacher.A.speaksB.spokeC.is speakingD.was speaking8. （2022-上海闵行一模）We are glad to hear that the Greensto a new flat next week.A.moveB.movedC.will moveD.have moved9. （2022上海普陀一模）If everyone puts in more effort, the tasksin five days.A. were finishedB. are finishedC. have been finishedD. will be

17、 finished10. （2022上海长宁一模）The ladya walk along the street when a car hit herfrom behind last night.A. tookB. was takingC. has takenD. had taken11. （2022-上海普陀一模）The poor familymuch help from the neighbours since the family movedthere.A. has gotB. gotC. is gettingD. gets12. （2022-上海普陀一模）When we questio

18、ned him about the matter, heeverything.A. deniesB.is denyingC.deniedD. will deny13. （2022上海模）Mum was surprised to find her little sonall her suitcases already.A. was packingB.has packedC.had packedD. would pack14. （2022上海一模）Harry will work in the north of Canada after hefrom PHD in UBC.A. will gradu

19、ate B. graduateC. graduatesD. graduated15. （2022-上海虹口一模）High school students are requiredpart in the volunteer project everyterm.A. takeB. takingC. tookD. to take16. （2022-上海虹口一模）A new factoryto deal with water pollution last month.A. was builtB. will be builtC. has been built D. has built17. （2022上

20、海长宁一模）In the past several months a new community parkand will be open tothe public soon.A. is builtB. was builtC. has been built D. will be built18. （2022上海一模）It is said China International Import Expoin Shanghai last year.A.was heldB.are heldC.has beenheldD.had been held19. （2021上海奉贤九年级期中）Great pro

21、gressin studying the new medicine for AIDS recently.A.will be madeB.is madeC.has beenmadeD.was made20. （2021-上海奉贤九年级期中）The silk clothes can'tin the washing machine.A.be washedB.washC.washedD.washing参考答案1. B【详解】句意：2019年，Dart在温布尔登享受了她职业生涯中最美好的时刻。考查动词时态。根据in 2019可知，此处为一般过去时，使用动词过去式enjoyedo故选B。2. C【

22、详解】句意：汤姆在路上骑自行车时看到了一起交通事故。考查动词时态。when引导的时间状语从句，主句用一般过去时态，从句用过去进行时，其结构是 was/were doing的形式，ride"骑",是动词,现在分词是riding,故选C。3. D【详解】句意：到去年年底，该慈善机构己经帮助了一万多名无家可归的人。考查动词时态。根据时间状in By the end of last year可知，此处用过去完成时,其结构是had done的形 式,help"帮助”，是动词，过去分词是helped,故选D。4. B【详解】句意：近几个月来，我们街区的每个角落都发生了巨大的变

23、化。考查动词时态。根据“In recent months”可知句子时态是现在完成时，故选B。5. B【详解】句意：当我妈妈敲门时，我正在看最新的杂志。考查时态辨析。根据“When my mother knocked at the door”可知此处表示某事发生时另一件事情正在进行， 从句用般过去时，主句用过去进行时，其结构为was/were doing。故选B。6. C【详解】句意：像所有希腊人一样，她从小就知道奥德修斯的传说。考查动词时态。根据时间状语“since childhood"可知,句子应是现在完成时，构成形式为：have/has done；主语是第三人称单数形式，故助动词

24、应用has, know的过去分词是known<>故选C。7. D【详解】句意：昨天这个时间，我正在和我的新班主任说话。考查过去进行时。根据语境可知是过去某个时间正在发生的事情，符合过去进行时的用法，过去进行时的结构为 was/were doing sth.。故选 Do8. C【详解】句意：听到格林一家下周将搬进一套新公寓我们很高兴。考查一般将来时。move"搬家，根据“next week"可知，时态是一般将来时，一般将来时构成：主语+will+动词原形，故选Co9. D【详解】句意：如果每个人都更加努力，任务将在五天内完成。考查一般将来时的被动语态。finish

25、"完成，根据if引导的条件状语从句遵循“主将从现"原则以及主语“the tasks和动词“finish”是被动关系可知，空缺处应该用一般将来时的被动语态，故选D,10. B【详解】句意：昨天晚上，当一辆轿车从后面撞到这位女士的时候，她正沿着街道散步。考查动词的时态。根据“when a car hit her from behind last night”可知讲述的是过去的时间点正发生的动作, 用过去进行时，主语“The lady”是第三人称单数，表达“散步"谓语动词用“was taking a walk”。故选B。11. A【详解】句意：这个穷人家自从搬到那里以来

26、，得到了邻居的很多帮助。考查动词时态。since+ 般过去时的从句，主句用现在完成时have/has done的结构，故选A。12. C【详解】句意：当我们询问他那件事时，他什么都否认了。考查动词时态。when引导的时间状语从句，根据从句"questioned”可知，整个句子都是在描述过去发生的 事情，动词用过去式，故选C。13. C【详解】句意：妈妈发现她的小儿子己经打包好了她所有的手提箱，感到很惊讶。考查动词的时态。结合语境可知，妈妈看到手提箱打包好了，感到很惊讶，动作“pack”发生在“wassurpirsed”之前,即过去的过去,动作已完成，应用过去完成时“had done”

27、。故选C。14. C【详解】句意：从哥伦比亚大学哲学博士毕业后，哈利将在加拿大北部工作。考查时间状语从句。after用作连词引导时间状语从句时注意遵循“主将从现"，本句中主句使用一般将来时，从句使用一般现在时即可，主语为he,注意保持主谓一致，故选C。15. D【详解】句意：高中生每学期都被要求参加志愿者项目。考查非谓语动词。固定短语require sb. to do sth."要求某人做某事"，故选D。16. A【详解】句意：上个月建了一个新工厂来处理水污染。考查动词时态和语态。主语A new factory与谓语动词之间是动宾关系，表示"被建立&qu

28、ot;，用被动语态，且由“last month”可知，用一般过去时的被动语态(was/were done)。故选A。17. C【详解】句意：在过去的几个月里，一个新的社区公园己经建成，不久将向公众开放。考查被动语态。根据/zln the past several monthsz,知，句子用现在完成时，主语/za new community parkM与 动词build Z间是被动关系，故此空填现在完成时被动语态，故选C。18. A【详解】句意：据说中国国际进口博览会去年在上海举行。考查动词语态。根据句意可知，主语和动词之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态；根据时间状语“lastyear”可 知，句子

29、应用一般过去时的被动语态,构成形式为：was/were done；主语“China International Import Expo” 是第三人称单数形式，故be动词应用was： hold的过去分词是held。故选A。19. C【详解】句意：最近，治疗艾滋病的新药研究取得了很大进展。考查动词时态。根据时间状语"recently最近"并结合语境可知，句子时态应用现在完成时：主语+have/has done；且主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，所以应用现在完成时的被动语态(have/has been done) o故选C。20. A【详解】句意：丝绷衣服不能在洗衣机里洗。考查情态动词

30、的被动。本题主语“The silk clothes”和谓语动词“wash”之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，根据题空前"can't” 可知，此处是情态动词的否定句被动，结构是“主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词”。故选A。知识梳理知识点一：1.对一般现在时考查【知识梳理1】基本概念；一般现在时通常表示习惯性的、反复发生的动作。通常与表示频度的副词如often, sometimes, usually, always, occasionally 等和时间状语如 in the evening, at night, twice a month, every day / week / mon

31、th / year, on Sundays等连用。般现在时可表示主语的特征、能力或状态以及普遍真理。【知识梳理2】对主将从现的考查：在由 when, after, before, until, till, as soon as, the minute / second / moment, the next time 等引导的时间状 语中或由 if, so / as long as, once, even i£ although, whether.or., in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等弓I 导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将

32、来时时态及形式用法例句常用时间状语1. 一般现在时1）动词be（am/is/are）2）行为动词第三人称单数做主 语时，动词用单三， 其余用动原（+s/s,x,o,ch,sh+es/辅音字母+y结尾，变 y 为 i+es）1）表示经常发生的动作或状 态2）表示主语的特征、性格和能 力3）表示客观事实或普遍真理；4）在时间或条件状语从句中， 代替一般将来时5）用在剧本、新闻标题、动作 解说、戏剧描绘中1) Wc get up at 6 every morning.2) She studies very hard.3) The teacher told us that the earth move

33、s round the sun.4) DI let you know as soon as he telephones me.5) Here comes the bus.6) The meeting is at 2:00 p.m.7) More Teenagers Try Cigarettes.every day； once a week: always/usually/often /sonietimes/seldom/ never； nowadays变化：1.be动词的变化：否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。一般疑问句：Be +

34、主语+其它。如：-Are you a student?Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.特殊疑问句：疑问词+ 般疑问句。如：Where is my book?It is on the tabic.2 .行为动词的变化。否定句：主语+ don*t（ doesn't） +动词原形（+其它）。如：I don't like bread.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。 如：He doesn't often play.一般疑问句：Do（ Does ） +主i吾+动词原形+其它。如：-Do you often play foot

35、ball?-Yes, I do. / No, I don't.当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：-Does she go to work by bike?-Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.特殊疑问句：疑问词+般疑问句。如：How docs your father go to work?知识点二：对一般过去时的考查【知识梳理1】基本概念：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作 或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状i吾的词，词组或从句，如yesterday, the day be

36、fore last, last week, two days ago, at that time, then, at that moment, yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening.), last night (week, month, year.), 段时间 + ago(several days ago), two days ago, a week ago, three years ago, in 1990, just now, long before, long long ago.等，上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。时态及形式用法例

37、句常用时间状语2 .一般过去时1 )动词be(was/were)2)行为动词的过去 式(+ed/+d/双写+ed/ 改y为i+ed/不规则 变化)1) 表示过去发生的动作或存 在的状态2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的 动作1) I saw him yesterday.2) He said he wouldn't come if it rained the next day.3) 1 hoped you could give us some help.4) When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.yesterday; just

38、 now; last year; three days ago; in 1998; when+从句.构成及变化：1 .规则动词：1) Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：am和is在一般过去时中变为was( was not=wasn,t)； are在一般过去时中变为wereo(were not=weren,t)； 带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are -样，即否定句在was或were后加not, 般 疑问句把was或were调到句首。2) 行为动词的变化：否定句：didn't + 动词原形，如：Jim didn't go home yesterday

39、.一般疑问句：在句首加did,句子中的动同过去式变回原形。如：Did Jim go home yesterday?特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday?注意：疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Who went to home yesterday?3) 规则动词的变化规则：1. 一般在动词末尾加-ed,如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked2. 结尾是 e 加 d,如：taste-tasted3. 末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-cd,如：stop-stopped；4.

40、 以"辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如：study-studied知识点三：对一般将来时的考查【知识梳理1】基本概念：表示将来的动作或状态.与时间状语：tomorrow, next day（week, month, year.）,soon, the day after tomorrow （后天）等连用。【知识梳理2】主将从现的考察：在 由 when, after, before, until, till, as soon as, the minute / second / moment, the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if, so / as lon

41、g as, once, even if, although, whether.or., in ease, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引 导的条件状语从句中，通常用般现在时代替般将来时。时态及形式用法例句常用时间状语3.一般将来时1 ）shall/willdo （shall 用于第一人称，美国 英语中所有人称都 用 will）2）am/is/are going to do1）表示将要发生的动作或情 况2）表示一种倾向或习惯性动 作3）表示打算做某事，表示安排 好的事/即将发生的事1 ) We shall/will go to Beijing tomorrow.2

42、) Fish will die without water.3) I'm going to learn the French.4) The children arc to learn English next week.tomorrow; next week; soon;tonight;this cvcning/wcckcnd in a few days; from now on;when + 从句.常见结构1）.t4bcgoingto+动词原形”结构用来表示按照主观意图打算或按计划，安排将要做的事，有“打算、就要” 的意思。也常用于表示从迹象上表明将要发生的事情，多指个人主观臆断的推

43、测。如：Look at the clouds. It's going to rain.看这些云，要下雨了。2）. “shall或will +动词原形”指对将来事物近期或远期的预见，表达个人主观意图以及征求对方意见或表 示客气的邀请。在书面语中，shall多用于第一人称；在口语中，will可以用于任何人称。如：I shall/will show my photos to you next Monday.我下周一给你看我的照片。知识点四：对过去将来时的考查【知识梳理1】基本概念：过去将要做的事情。【知识梳理2对过去将来时would +do； was/ were +going to do和常

44、见用在过去将来中的谓语动词promised 承诺，predict预测等的考查。时态及形式用法例句常用时间状语4.过去将来时1 ） should/wouki do（用法同一般将来1）表示过去预计将要发生的 动作或存在的状态2）表示过去习惯性动作1) He wanted to know when the meeting would begin.2) Whenever he had time, he常用在主句是一般过去时 后的宾语从句中；时)2) was/were going to do3）表示在过去某一时间对将 来的打算would help them in their work.3) No one

45、 knew when he was going to come.the next day/moming, year.,thefollowingmonth/week.知识点五：现在进行时【知识梳理1】基本概念：表示说话者说话时正在发生的动作或者目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一 定在进行）【知识梳理2】时间状语：now , right now, at the moment等。常用look! .listen! .等开头，强调某人正在做某事。但很 多题目在考察进行时态时没有明确的时间状语，需要学生自己去理解。一、现在进行时的几种形态变化：1 现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。2 .

46、现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。3. 现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为：疑问词+be+主语+动词ing?如：What are you doing now?但疑问词当主语时,即划线部分是主语时，其结构为：疑问词+be+动词ing?如：Who is singing outside the door?二、动词加ing的变化规则1. 般情况下,直接加ing,如：cook-cooking2. 以不发音的 e 结尾，去 e 加 ing,如：make-making, taste-tasting3. 如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，且是重读闭音节，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing,如：run-r

47、unning, stop-stopping时态及形式用法例句常用时间状语5.现在进行时1）表示此时此刻正在进行的1) The boys are reading magazines.now1) am/is/arc doing动作at present2）移动动词的现在进2) What's he doing this week?at the moment行形式表将来（参看一2）表示目前这段时间正在进these days般将来时用法）行的动作3) The girl is always smiling happily.this week3）般不用于进行时态look的动词：3）表示反复出现或习惯性

48、动4) It's getting cold.listena.表示知觉的动词作 (always/constantly)(see/hear/smell5) He's leaving for Beijing./taste/notice/feel 等)4）有的动词用于现在进行时b.表示态度和情感的动表示“逐渐"i司(believe/agree /like/hale/want/think 等) c.表示抽象关系或概念 的动词(have/depend/seem /consist/possess 等)5）表示按计划即将发生的动 作（参看一般将来时）知识点六：过去进行时【知识梳理1】

49、基本概念：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。【知识梳理2】时间状语：this time yesterday； at eleven yesterday morning （具体到过去的某一时间点）at that time 等。【知识梳理3】常考when A did sth. B was doing sth. else.当某人做某事的时候，另个人正在做另 件事。6.过去进行时was/were doing表示过去某一时刻 或某一阶段正在进 行的动作1) We were having a meeting at 3 yesterday afternoon.2) He was reading

50、 a novel in the library this morning.3) He was forever complaining about something.4) I asked him whether he was coining back for supper.at that time yesterday morning when +从句知识点七：现在完成时【知识梳理1】基本概念：表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果，持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下 去，着眼点在现在。【知识梳理2】时间状语：现在完成时时常与不确定的过去时间状语连用。连用的时间状语都较模糊，如： in/

51、over/during/for the past few years/months/weeks/days, these days, so far, up to now, since, for, ever since, since then, by this time, in / over the past few years, "since + 过去某一时刻+ 时间段"等。【知识梳理3】常考点：表示''第几次做某事，"或在t4It is the best （worst, most interesting） 4-名词+that"后面用现在完

52、成时。7.现在完成时 havc/has +动同过去 分词（规则化同动 词过去式/不规则变 化单独记忆）1）表示过去发生的某一动作 对现在造成的影响和结果2）表示过去某时开始一直延 续到现在的动作或状态（有可 能还会延续下去），常和表示一 段时间的状语连用1 ) I haven't finished my homework yet.2) He has been ill for 3 days.3) Shanghai has changed a lot since 1978.4) It's been 10 years since they married.already/evcr/j

53、ust/yct often/never/always once/twice/befbre so far/up to now recently in the past few years for +时间段 since +时间点/从句表示过去发生或完成的某二动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如Have you read that story ?你读过那个故事吗？（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。）I have bought two apples.我买 了两个苹果。（“买"这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。）在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与

54、现在完成时连用的几个副词：already, just, ever, yet, never等。 already, just多用于肯定句中，ever, yet, never多用于疑问句和否定句中。如：I have already finished my homework.我己经做完家庭作业了。He has just had his meal.他刚吃过饭。Have you ever sung this English song?你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？They haven't started yet.他们还没有动身。切表示过去已经开始2.二真持续到现在的动作或状态。 因为表示的是持续的动作或状

55、态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be,stay,study,wait,keep,have. 等； 使用的时间状语通常由for或since引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：for后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止己持续了多长时间。如:for three years, for half an hour 等 osince后面接一个时间点，如since 1980,也可以接“一段时间+ago,如：since three years ago, since two months ago 等。since还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。如: We have known each other s

56、ince we went to college. 非延续性动词不能直接和for或since连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换 这些非延续性动词，3.过去分词的构成规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： 般动词.，.在词尾直接加匕照：.work-workedworked ,visit-visited-visited以结尾的动词，只在词尾加3二livedlivedlived,（跖以:辅音字母.土 结尾的动词.，将.*变为.直：.?再加，.知.”study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried ,playplayedplayed ,staystayedstayed.重读闭音节结尾?末尾只有二个辅音.字母.，先.双写该辅音字.母.，再加“.凹二st