AbstractWriting论文摘要写作精简版

1、Writi ng: AbstractWHAT IS AN ABSTRACT1. The Defin iti on of an Abstract1 ) the objectives and scope of investigation;2) the methods used;3) the most importa nt results;4) con clusi on or recomme ndatio n.2. Features of AbstractsBrevity Accuracy Specificity ObjectivityIn formative nessIn depe ndencyC

2、LASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACTS1. In dicative Abstracts2. In formative Abstracts3. In formative-i ndicative Abstracts4. Other Types of Abstracts 1) Critical Abstracts 2) Mini-abstractsFUNCTIONS OF ABSTRACTSA Scree ning Device of Docume nts: An abstract gives readers the idea of what the article is about.

3、A Self-contained Text: We II know the information it contains, without seeing the article .A Helpful Preview: It frames the article and prepares the reader for the main points to come.To Facilitate Indexing:It will improve the chances of having it read by the right people.STYLISTIC FEATURES OF ABSTR

4、ACTS1. The Len gth of Abstracts1) In general, there is a 100-300 word limit to the number of words in an abstract.2) Do not con fuse an abstract with a review. There should be no comme nt or evaluati on.3) Give in formati on only once.4) Do not repeat the information given in the title.5) Do not in

5、clude any facts or ideas that are not in the text.6) For in formative abstracts, in clude eno ugh data to support the con clusi ons.7) If reference to procedure is esse ntial, try to restrict it to ide ntificatio n of method or process.8) State results, con clusi ons, or findings in clear con cise f

6、ashi on.9) Organize the information in the way that is most useful to the reader. (a thesis-first abstract)2. Verbs and Ten ses Used in Abstracts1) Active verbs: use active verbs rather tha n passive verbs.2) Prese nt ten se: backgro und in formati on, exist ing facts, what is in the paper and con c

7、lusi on.3) Past tense /prese nt perfect ten se: completed research, methodology or major activities results.3. Words Used in Abstracts1) Avoid use of highly specialized words or abbreviations. Define unfamiliar words.2) Syn thesize or rephrase the in formati on into clear, con cise stateme nts.3) Av

8、oid using jarg on.4. Sentence Structures of Abstracts1) Use third pers on senten ces.2) Use short senten ces, but vary sentence structure.3) Use complete senten ces.4) The first sentence should prese nt the subject and scope of the report. The thesis or the writers focus should be prese nted in the

9、sec ond sentence. The bala nce of the article is a summary of the importa nt poi nts of each sect ion, in cludi ng methods, procedures, results and con clusi ons.5) Good abstracts are sure to in clude a variety of pat phrases:a. Background Information (Research has shown. It has been proposed.Anothe

10、r proposed property.The search is on for. One of the promis ing n ew.)b. Stateme nt of the Problem (The objective of the research is to prove / verify.The experime nt was desig nedto determ in e.)e. Stateme nt of Procedure (To in vestigate this. A group of 10 specime ns / subjects . Measureme ntswer

11、e take n after. A sec ond group was.)d. Conclusions (It was found that . Results imply. This data suggests. In the experimental group. In the con trol group.)e. Relates the Experiment to the Words (This kind of research encourages the belief that. Similar to .)HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT (An abstract m

12、ust be written last as it sums up the results)1) Locate the thesis stateme nt, ide ntify the main divisi ons of the docume nt, find the main terms (key words) and stateme nts in each sect ion;2) Decide the degree of detail to in clude;3) Prepare a sin gle paragraph in cludi ng the crucial in formati

13、 on gathered;4) Edit the draft, elim in ate unn ecessary backgro und in formatio n, and reduce wordy phrases;5) Fi nally, revise the ope ning stateme nt to emphasize the new in formatio n contained in the paper.Start out the abstract by tell ing exactly what you did and how you did it. Focus on the

14、ratio nale and ideas of the study and why it is important in the first two sentences. In the next few lines, focus on the materials and methods, and the data gen erated from the study. Tell the reader how the data were collected, compiled, and state statistical significance(s). Mention any new tools

15、 developed.Avoid using bibliographic references in the abstract. However, if your article follows directly from a published work and is a major adva nee on that specific piece of work, do cite the paper in the abstract.The end of the abstract is just as importa nt as the begi nning. The con cludi ng

16、 lines of the abstract should lead into the first paragraph of the introduction without repeating what has been said. State the implications of your studies to the field of scholarship in which you are work ing.1. How to Write In formative Abstracts1) An in formative abstract should be orderly, succ

17、i net, and con crete, with the len gth of no mere tha n 10% of the essay.2) Plan to write an abstract that is in the first draft, note key facts, statistics, etc. on the organisms, materials and locati ons used.3) Do not in clude a stateme nt of scope or a sentence like this paper will look at .4) W

18、rite selected details of the experimental methods, including the duration of the study, the treatments, methods and equipme nt used.5) Be sure to omit or condense len gthy examples, tables, and other support ing detail.6) Do not hedge or equivocate.7) Give the key results, with a description of them

19、 and some of the main figures and their statistical significanee.8) Use active verbs such as report, propos , and analyze rather than static verbs such as is, are and appears to be.9) Revise the draft into smooth, sta nd-al one prose; the abstract itself should be a min i-essay.10) Edit the revision

20、. Be sure that the abstract is complete and accurate, with a brief note on the significance of the results.11) Double check that the abstract is written in the same voice as is the paper.2. How to Write In dicative Abstracts1) List the title of the research report after Abstract of. at the top of yo

21、ur page.2) Summarize the major thesis and supporting main ideas of the report without omitting any important ideas.3) Avoid word in ess and repetiti on.4) Condense source material in your own words, being careful not to directly borrow text. You should not use direct quotati ons in abstracts.5) Use

22、good sentence structure, grammar, mecha nics, and spell ing.6) Adhere to the 100-word limit. (No fewer than 90, nor more than 110)3. How to write Abstracts for Engin eeri ng In formatio n Backgro und: A simple ope ning sentence or two ;Aims: One or two sentences giving the purpose, the development,

23、the survey as well as the assignment and the scope of the research;Method(s): One or two sentences explaining what was done and what the principles, the theory, the condition, the objective, the tech niq ues, the framework, the means, the equipme nt and the procedure, etc. used in the research are;R

24、esults: One or two sentences in dicati ng the main findin gs, the result, the data, the relati on ship, the effect and the performa nce of the experime nt and research;Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work, the results of the analysis, the research, the evaluati

25、 on and the applicati on, and the issues that are raised as well.4. How to Write Abstracts for DissertationsThere are two purposes in dissertation abstract writing: to inform your reader, and to market your product. Aside from the guidelines mentioned above, there are some others:1) a dissertation a

26、bstract should have three elements, and three elements alone:a. a section on the problem you examined;b. a section showing your method;c. a section showing your findings.2) you need not give the history of the problem, why you chose to study it, your philosophy, or your self-congratulatory but humbl

27、e remarks about how your dissertation will change the world.3) be sure to use some key words for easy referencing, an accurate and specific summary of your findings, and as active a voice as you can muster.5. How to Write Abstracts for ConferencesIt is a competitive process, but one to be undertaken

28、 seriously.1) Look for Call for Papers notices.2) Title: The title should be informative and focused, indicating the problem, kind of data and your general approach.3) Make your abstract as brief as possible, within the word limit set by the Call for Papers.4) Make sure to describe the general topic

29、 clearly.5) Try to make your abstract appeal to the concept for the conference as it is defined in the Call for Papers.6) Describe your treatment of the topic, and how it relates to previous work on the same topic.7) Explain how you will justify your treatment, and quote crucial evidence.8) Consider

30、 your audience carefully. You are essentially writing a speech. Your sentence structures, use of specialized language and theories, etc., should take this into account. Also, in oral discourse, you might want to summarize and / or repeat ideas more often.6. How to Write Research Abstracts1) The purp

31、ose of a research abstract can be boiled down to providing the answers to the following questions:a. Why did you start?b. What did you do?c. What did you find?d. What does it mean?2) Title: Ideally about 10-12 words long, the title should include the scope of the investigation, the study design, and

32、 the goal. In general it is preferable to make the title a description of what was investigated. The title should be easy for the reader to understand and should not include jargon or 3) Introduction or Background: this should provide a brief context or explanation for doing the study, and state the

33、 aim of the study, and ideally should include a concise statement of the study s hypothesis. A scientific study is to find out whether it is true.4) Methods: In an abstract the description of the methods has to be concise, and much of the details of what was done must be omitted. However, in a few s

34、hort sentences the reader can be given a good idea of the design of the study, the context in which it was done, and the types of patients or measurements that were included.5) Results: space is limited. Still, it is important to give the main results of the study not just in subjective terms but al

35、so in the form of the most important data. Do not include a table or figure unless it is necessary to convey your results.6) Conclusions: Keep your conclusions reasonable and supportable by the findings of your study.7) Follow the instructions7. Some Donts in Abstract Writing1) Do not commence with

36、this paper., this report. or similar. It is better to write about the research. Similarly, do not explain the sections or parts of the paper.2) Avoid sentences that end in . is described, . is reported, . is analyzed or similar. These are simply too vague to be informative.3) Do not begin sentences

37、with it is suggested that., it is believed that. , it is felt that. or similar, for the words can be omitted without damaging the essential message.4) Do not write in the first person. Not only should you avoid I, but also we , the author , the writer, etc., because the abstract should be about the

38、research, not about the act of writing.5) Do not submit an abstract with the length exceeding the limit offered.6) Do not submit your abstract later than the given date.7) Do not write an imprecise abstract.SAMPLESSample 1:Microscopic characterizati on of a TiB2-carb on material composite:Raw materi

39、als and composite characterizati onAbstract: Tita nium diboride (TiB 2) is a very attractive material for the alumi num in dustry, because it is readily wetted by molten aluminum and combines good physical properties (electrical conductivity), chemical (fairly resista nt to dissoluti on by molte n a

40、lumi nu m), and mecha nical (wear resista nee) properties./ In this article, both rawmaterials(a nthracite,pitch, and TiB 2 powder) and TiB 2-carb oncomposites (TCC) werecharacterized./l nclusi ons of alu mino silicate and iron oxide types were found in the an thracity aggregates. X-ray diffraction

41、(XRD) analysis allowed differentiation between two types of aggregates: stratified (L c=44 nm) and non stratified (L c=15 nm). The prin cipal impurity found in the TiB 2 powder was TiCN and surface an alysis of the particles revealed the prese nee of a con tam inant layer composed of C, N, O, and Ti

42、; the thick ness of this layer varied from 5 to 15 nm./ Characterization of the TiB 2 particles in the composite showed important surface modifications compared to their initial state. Evidenee seen on the particles sOrfaces showed thatformed prefere ntially on the side of particles rather tha n on

43、top surface. The thick ness of this TiC-(Otraces) layerwas evaluated to 30 nm.TiB 2碳基复合材料的微观特征：原材料和复合物特征硼化钛(TiB 2)在制铝业中是一种很受欢迎的材料，由于它易于被熔融的铝润湿，而且具有好的物理性能(导电率)，化学性能(很好地抵御被熔融的铝分解)和机械性能(耐磨性).在这篇文章中，讨论了原材料(无烟煤，沥青和TiB 2粉末)及 TiB2碳基复合材料(TCC)的特征.在无沿煤聚合体中发现了铝矽酸盐和铁的氧化物.由X射线衍射分析(XRD)可得两种聚合物的区别：层积的(Lc=44 nm)和未层积的(Lc=15 nm). TiB2粉末中发现的 主要杂质是TiCN,另外颗粒表面分析可见由 C, N, O,和Ti组成的污染层；这个污染层从长远来5直15 nm不等.符合物中TiB2颗粒的特征表明了与初始状态相比而言很重要的表面修正.颗粒表面所见的迹象显示Ti