谓语动词形式与非谓语动词形式精讲

1、动词形式精讲动词的主要句法功能就是充当谓语。那么，就其句法功能而言，动词只能分成两类：谓语动词和非谓语动词.1） 谓语动词,是指能够独立地充当句子谓语的动词。这类动词有两种：实义动词和连系动词。实义动词用来描述动作、行为；连系动词用来表示判断、状态、性质、特征等等。例如：We clean the classroom every day.(实义动词) 我们每天打扫教室.He is a good student.（连系动词,表示判断）他是位好学生。These apples look nice.（连系动词,表示状态、特征）这些苹果看上去很好。We must keep healthy. （连系动词,表

2、示状态、）我们必须保持健康(的状态).2）非谓语动词，顾名思义是指不能独立地在句中充当谓语的动词或动词形式。这类动词包括： 动词不定式( to do )、-ing分词(doing)、过去分词(-ed)。例如：She came to see me yesterday. (动词不定式) 她昨天来看我了。He often helps me ( to )clean the windows. (to 可以省略的动词不定式)He stood there for two hours watching TV.( 现在分词)他在那儿站了两小时看电视。Reading in bed is bad for our e

3、yes. 躺在床上看书对我们眼睛有害. ( 下面是动词read的非谓语动词形式)他喜欢看英语书。 He likes reading English books.看英语书对我们学习有好处。Reading English books is good for our study.他想要去看一本英语书。 He wants to read an English book. (下面是动词 read的各种谓语动词时态形式)中 文 英 文 他经常看英语书。 He often reads English books.他正在看一本英语书。 He is reading an English book now.他昨天

4、看了一本英语书。 He read (过去式)an English book yesterday.他下周将要看一本英语书。 He is going to read an English book next week.通过上面的比较，我们可以看出：1）谓语动词在不同的时间发生时，有不同的变化形式。2） 时间的不同, 动词的形式往往也不同。因此，语法所说动词的时态,"时" 是指谓语动作发生的时间；而"态"则指动词的各种变化形式。合称为“时态”。1, 一般现在时( V或V+ses)一般现在时主要用来描述经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态和其他情况。在这个&qu

5、ot;时间"内的谓语动词的变化形式是：实义动词在第三人称单数作主语时，词尾要加-s或-es ，在其它各人称作主语时则用动词原形。系动词在单数第一人称作主语时，用am ；在第三人称单数作主语时，用is ；在其它各人称(主要是复数)作主语时，用are 。另外，实义动词have在第三人称单数作主语时，要用has，其它各人称作主语时，用原形。例如：I am a teacher .我是老师。 He is a teacher , too.他也是老师。We are all teachers .我们都是老师。You have a brother, and she has one, too. 你有个兄

6、弟，她也有一个。Every day I go to work on foot. 我每天步行上班。Every day he goes to work by bike .他每天骑自行车上班。She works in a big company .她在一家大公司工作。We work in the same company. 我们在同一家公司工作。Mary studies very hard (in our class).玛丽(在我们班上)学习非常用功.一般现在时主要用于下面几情况：1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always ,

7、everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：He does some cleaning at home every day 。他每天在家打扫卫生。I ride a bike to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调

8、动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。顾名思义，客观的情况是&quo

9、t;没有时间概念"的；也"不会在意动作进行的时间"。例如：The sun rises in the east .日出东方。The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。The lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。 4) 一些表示位置移动的动词和其它少量动词，可用于一般现在时，表示按规定计划安排要发生的动作。这样的动词常见的有：arrive ,be , begin , co

10、me , go , leave , open , start , stop等。例如：The train leaves at 10:05 a.m. 这列火车上午十点另五分开。The plane from Hainan arrives at 6 p.m. 从海南来的飞机下午六点到。When does our school begin? 我们学校什么时间开学？5) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如： I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告

11、诉他这个消息。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go swimming. 总之, 凡是表示介绍性、说明性的句子用一般现在时。例如: This is my friend. That is a book. I get up at 6:00. I like music .He comes from England. She likes apples. The plane leaves at 9:00. 2, 一般过去时( V + ed )主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与

12、一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。 一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed（除不规则动词外）。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week , month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago

13、 ( one week ago , three years )She stayed at home last Saturday。 We cleaned the classroom yesterday afternoon。He had a fever last month。 We were in Grade Seven in 2003。 He went to see a dentist when he had a toothache last week。3, 一般将来时(will+ V )主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。它的表示方法主要有如下几种：1） will + 动词原形, 表

14、示动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来的某个时间内发生；例如：I will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。2) be( am / is / are ) + going +to do sth这种表示方法主要是说明A）"说话人的意图、打算"；B）"某种可能性" 。例如：A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言？B

15、) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。Is he going to help that old man？ 他会帮助那位老年人吗？If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西兰，你会喜欢上那个地方的。4, 现在进行时(am / is / are + V ing )主要用来描述此刻正在发生的动作，或是"现阶段"一直在进行的动作。它适用于下面的情况：1）此刻正在发生的动作。例如：They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球。S

16、he is writing her term paper. 她正在写学期论文。Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。 2）"现阶段"一直在进行的动作。这种情况并不是说某个动作在说话的那会儿正在发生，而是说某个动作在当前一段时间内一直在进行着，或是重复地发生着。例如：He is working hard for his final test. 他正在为期末考试而奋斗。I am reading an interesting book these days。 这些天我一直在看一本有趣的书。3）表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批

17、评；喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行，而是表示经常性，相当于"一般现在时"所描述的情况。例如：He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？I am not feeling very well.（表示不满）我感觉不是很好。4）表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况

18、仅限于少量的动词，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , 等。例如：I am coming！ 我马上就来！He is leaving for vacation on weekends。他将在周末去度假。 We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我们放假。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗？5）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（表示感觉的词

19、）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（表示感情的动词）；be，stay，（表示存在状态的动词）；have，（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（表示思考理解的动词）。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如： 1）Tom looks unhappy. Whats wrong with him? （look 在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”） 2）Tom is looking for his books. （look 在此为实义

20、动词，意为“寻找”） 5 过去进行时：表示在过去某个时间正在发生的动作。其结构为：was/were + 动词ing常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如: at that time,at this time yesterday,at five oclock yesterday afternoon.等等.e.g： They were playing football at this time yesterday.也常用于while,when引导的状语从句中,如:When he came home, his son was watching TV.While he was walking along th

21、e street, he found an old friend.6 现在完成时： 结构：have/has+动词的过去分词 动词的过去分词的规则变化：a:一般动词在词尾加- ed b: 以e结尾的动词加-d c: 以辅+y 结尾的动词，去y,加-ied d：以重读闭音节结尾的动词（辅+元+辅），双写，再加ed.（1） 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 强调动作的进展,完成情况,即:做没做过或完没完成。 标志词：already, before（单独使用，不加时间）just (刚刚)，yet,(一般用在否定句或疑问句中)ever, never e.g: Have you fin

22、ished your work yet?(2)表示过去已经开始，持续到现在(或将来)的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间状语连用，如：these day, all this year, recently, so far, up to now, for+一段时间，since+过去某一时间点，since+从句（从句必须用一般过去时）。e.g：I've studied English for two years.在含有一段时间的肯定句中和how long 开头的句子中不能用短暂性动词。常见的短暂性动词及相对应的延续性动词：comebe here co

23、me to -be in/at go out -be out move/leave-be away, be out of begin/start-be on buy-haveborrow-keep join-be/become a member ofbe in die-be dead catch a cold-have a cold get to know-know become-be fall asleep-be asleep go to sleep-sleep open-be open end/finish-be over get up-be upe.g: The film has beg

24、un for half an hour.(×) The film has been on for half an hour.()(3) have been to 去过(目前回来了) have gone to 到去了(还未回来) Have been in .呆在某地例如: , I have been to Beijing many times. , A: Where is Betty? B: She has gone to the library. , We have been in Shanghai for two weeks.7, 在复合句中时态的前后呼应: 在宾语从句中,1, 主

25、句现在,从句不受限制; 2, 主句过去 ,从句过去.在状语从句中,1, 主句现在,从句现在; 2, 主句过去 ,从句过去. 3, 主句将来,从句一般现在时态与时间状语现在进行时： 时间状语：now，at this time，these days， 一般现在时:时间状语：often，usually，always，sometimes，hardly ever, never, every week（year，month, day， morning），once a week，twice a week, three times a year, on Sundays，一般过去时:时间状语：an hour a

26、go ，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week（year，night，month），in 1989，just now，at the age of 5，one day，long long ago，once upon a time， 一般将来时: 时间状语：tomorrow，next day（week，month，year），soon，in a few minutes， the day after tomorrow , by + 时间，next + 时间, in + 时间,非谓语动词形式 一，不定式 to do 1 做宾语learn to doma

27、nage to dooffer to doprepare to dopromise to dowish to doexpect to dodemand to dowant to dowould like to dobegin to do start to do refuse to dohope to dodecide to dolike to dohate to doseem to do choose to doagree to do fail to do plan to do need to do try to do be afraid to do 2 做宾补 ask sb to do st

28、h ask sb not to do sth tell sb to do sth tell sb not to do sth order sb to do sth order sb not to do sth want sb to do sth teach sb to do sth would like sb to do sth wish sb to do sth invite sb to do sth use sth to do sth encourage sb. to do sth allow sb. to do sth. make up ones mind to do sth cant

29、wait to do sth. 3省略to:help sb dohad better dowould rather do would could will you please dorather than dohave sb do let sb do why not do make sb do feel sb do hear sb do see sb do 二，ing 形式 1, 有些动词需用v.ing 做宾语，不能用不定式。like doing enjoy doing finish doing practise doingmind doing imagine doing avoid doin

30、g feel like doing be busy doing sth =be busy with sth find sb doing keep sb doing 2， 介词后面跟Ving 形式stop sb from doing spend +(时间,钱) doing be good at doing have fun doing do well in doing look forward to doing Thanks for doing How What about doing be afraid of doing 3, 有些动词既可以用v.ing 也可以用不定式to do 做宾语，区别

31、不大。v.ing 通常表示一种经常性的倾向，不定式则表示暂时的或具体的某次活动。begin to do-begin doing start to do-start doinglike to do- like doing hate to do- hate doingI like swimming, but I dont like to go today.prefer to do prefer doing 4, 有些动词既可以接v.ing 也可以接不定式做宾语，意义不同。stop to do stop doingforget to do forget doingremember to do rem

32、ember doingtry to do 尽力设法做某事 try doing 试着做某事go on to do 继续做某事（另一件） go on doing 继续做某事（同一件）Lets go on to discuss another question. Lets go on discussing the question. 5,感官动词跟to do 表示''经常, 全过程'', 感官动词跟Ving表示''正在进行''see sb do sth see sb doing sth watch sb do sth watch sb

33、doing sth hear sb do sth hear sb doing sth feel sb do sth feel sb doing sth notice sb do sth notice sb doing sth 三，含非谓语动词形式的句型(一), 不定式句型1, 不定式作主语1 It is+adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 常用 easy,difficult, important, necessary等形容词 Its easy for me to learn Chinese well. It is important for you to keep health

34、y.2 It is +adj +(of sb ) to do sth 常用 nice, kind, clever, foolish 等形容词 It's very nice of you to do so. It's very kind of you to help us.3 I thinkfind it + adj + to do sth I found it safe to walk across the bridge. I think it easy to finish the work.2, I'm nicegladhappysorrysad to do sth

35、I'm niceglad to meet you. I 'm sorry to hear it. It is goodbetterbest for sb to do sth It's better to wear warm clothes in wimter. It is time for sb to do sth (省略形式: It is time for sth ) It is time to go to school.= It is time for school. It is time to have dinner.= It is time for dinner

36、. (4 ) It's my first time to do sth : It's my first time to visit the Great Wall.3, have sth to do = there is sth for sb to do We have two rooms to live in, but I cant decide which one to choose. = There are two rooms for us to live in. -Shopping with me? -Sorry, I have a lot of clothes to w

37、ash. (=There are a lot of clothes for me to wash)4, too.to do adj + enough to do The boy is too young to go to school.=The boy is not old enough to go to school. The weather is too cold to swim in the river.= The weather is not hot enough to swim. They are too busy to go to the cinema.= They are not

38、 free enough to go to the cinema.5, 疑问词+to do I don't know what I should to do next.= I don't know what to do next. They want to know where they will go.= They want to know where to go. He asked me how to get to the hospital. I want to know when to start the work.6, 不定式to do 作目的状语 They came

39、here to see their children. I get up early to catch the early bus. We go to school to learn knowledge. He flew to Beijing to meet his friend.(2) , Ving 的句型1, V 作主语,表语 Swimming is my favourite sport. My favourite sport is swimming. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. Getting up early is good for

40、 your health.2,表示伴随状况 They went home, singing and dancing.3, 定语从句的省略 The man sitting under the tree is Mr Green. The boys playing football there are my friends.4, Ving 与V ed 作形容词的区别 人作主语用Ved, 物作主语用 Ving He is interested in history. The story is very interesting. Ving可以修饰名词, Ved一般不修饰名词 It's an ex

41、citing game. (三), Ved 的句型 1, The boy called Tony is from England. I know the town called Linshui.2, get + Ved get 相当于be, get worried= is worried get excited = is excited3, have + sth Ved 让某事被做 I had my car repaired yesterday.【同步达纲练习】 .用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。1 .Bill lives in a place (call) Gum Tree .2 .Let

42、him (have) a good rest .3 .Li Ping made the baby (laugh) at last .4 .Miss Gao wants (take) these books to the classroom now .5 .She is ill .So she had better (stay) in bed for a few days .6 .Youd better (not ,look) out of the window in class .7 .It was very nice (play) with you .8 .They wake up thei

43、r parents , (call) :“Merry Christmas !”9 .A lot of good land has gone with them , (leave) only sand .10 .There was a fire (burn) in the fireplace .11 .The policeman told the boys (not ,play) football near the road .12 .Why not (go) to the park with us tomorrow ?13 .Were free now .How about (fly) kit

44、es ?14 .We often hear our English teacher (sing) English songs .15 .One day ,his father saw him (sit) on some eggs .16 .Mr Wu have watched us (play) basketball for half an hour .17 .This morning I kept on (think) about the Christmas party this evening .18 .A lot of English people are good at (boat)

45、.19 .Were very thirsty .Lets stop (drink) some water .20 .When the two boys saw the teacher ,they stopped (fight) at once .21 .Kate is a little ill .She doesnt feel like (eat) anything these days .22 .In the old days ,the workers were made (work) more than 16 hours a day .23 .Have you finished (do)

46、your homework yet ?24 .The heavy snow stopped many people from (go) to work .25 .Mary found a watch (lie) on the road on her way to school .26 .Do you like (fish) ?Yes .But I dont like (fish) now .27 .Thank you for (lend) it to me .28 .Jim and his parents enjoy (live) in China very much .29 .Do you

47、mind my (smoke) here ?Yes ,but I do .30 .Would you like (come) to my birthday party this evening ?Certainly .Ill be glad to .31 .Dont spend too much time (watch) TV .32 .The farmers are busy (get) ready for the next year .33 .Were going to do some (shop) this Sunday .34 .Shall we go (skate) tomorrow

48、 ?Thats a good idea .35 .In England ,the first name is the (give) name .36 .Do you know another way of (say) the word ?37 . (take) a walk after supper is good for our health .38 .He quickly got up and went on (run) .39 .Sorry ,I have a lot of work (do) today .40 .Its very kind of you (help) us .41 .

49、Its much better (give) than (receive) .42 .I dont know what (do) next .43 .Shell read a book tonight instead of (see) a film .44 .England is a (develop) country and India is a (develop) one .45 .That pot was used for (keep) tea hot after it was made .46 .I remember (tell) you the story before .47 .T

50、ake the second (turn) on the right .48 .The boy cant get (dress) himself .49 .Dont forget (lock) the door when you leave .50 .Shell try her best (catch) up with the class .【综合能力训练】 .单项选择( )1 .They kept the fire to keep them warm .A .burnB .to burnC .burntD .burning( )2 .Whos the boy under the tree ?

51、A .standB .to standC .standingD .stood( )3 .I dont like to sit here nothing .A .doingB .to doC .doD .does( )4 .The girl students enjoy English songs .A .singB .to singC .singingD .sung( )5 .Thank you for us so well .A .to teachB .teachesC .taughtD .teaching( )6 .I often do some on Sundays .A .washedB .to washC .washingD .washes( )7 .We find their classroom every day .A .cleanedB .cleansC .to cleanD .cleaning( )8 .The boy Jack in Class One is my brother .A .callB .to be calledC .ca