大学英语 英国历史文化第二单元The Normans

1、（1066-1381）- An Outline History of England -2Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. 4- An Outline History of England -William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of militar

2、y service and a proportion of the lands produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. 5- An Outline History of England -The lands that William gave to his lords were called fiefs (封地). The recipients of th

3、e lands were called vassals （封臣）. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.6- An Outline History of England -Whitsunday is also known as Pentecost and is a major festival in th

4、e Christian church. It is celebrated on the Sunday which falls on the 50th day after the Easter festival.The name Pentecost comes from a Greek word which means fiftieth.7- An Outline History of England -Pentecost celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit in the form of flames to the followers of Jesu

5、s, as recorded in the New Testament. Jesus had told them to wait until the Spirit came to them. 50 days after the resurrection, the Spirit came. 8- An Outline History of England -Pentecost is recognized as the birth of the Church. Whit Sunday is a favorite day for baptism. It is thought that because

6、 people are often baptized dressed in white, Whit Sunday was probably originally known as White Sunday.9- An Outline History of England -Twenty years after the Conquest (1086), William sent Twenty years after the Conquest (1086), William sent officials to every town throughout England, with power to

7、 officials to every town throughout England, with power to call together the leaders of towns, examine them, and to call together the leaders of towns, examine them, and to make a complete survey of the economic life the country.make a complete survey of the economic life the country.How much landHo

8、w much land？Who holds it?Who holds it? How much is it worth?How much is it worth?How many ploughs?How many ploughs?How many oxen, sheep, swine?How many oxen, sheep, swine?10- An Outline History of England -末日审判书11- An Outline History of England -To further extend his grip on England, William I order

9、ed that a book be made containing information on who owned what throughout the country. This book would tell him who owed him what in tax and because the information was on record, nobody could dispute or argue against a tax demand. This is why the book brought doom and gloom to the people of Englan

10、dhence Domesday Book.12- An Outline History of England -The nickname Domesday may refer to the Biblical Day of Judgement(圣经宣判日), when Christ will return to judge the living and the dead. The decision of what someone owed was finalrather like Judgement Day when your soul was judged for Heaven or Hell

11、.- An Outline History of England -13To provide the necessary information for collecting tax;To give the King a detailed knowledge of the distribution of the wealth, lands and revenues of vassals.It presents a comprehensive of the social structure of England at the time when it was made.14- An Outlin

12、e History of England -1. In common law legal system, the law is created or refined by judges: a decision in the present case depends on decisions in former cases and this decision affects the law to be applied in future cases. 2.When there is no authoritative statement of the law, common law judges

13、have the authority and duty to “make” law by creating precedent (先例). The body of precedent is called common law and it affects future decisions. 3. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision .- An Outline History of England -15英美法系亦称普通法系或海洋法系，普通法是来自英文Common Law，即普遍通用之意，与大陆法系并称为当