LectureEight推理判断题的特点及答题技巧

1、Lecture Eight 推理判断题的特点及答题技巧 l 什么是推理判断题：我们已经学过的事实细节题是测试考生对文章字面意思 (the stated meaning) 的理解水平；而判断推理题是测试考生对文章的隐含意思 (the implied meaning) 的推理能力。此类题目中通常含有：imply, infer, deduce, conclude 等词。l 做题的指导思想：无论推理题考查的内容涉及文中某一句话，还是几句话，做题的指导思想都是以表面文字信息为依据。既不能做出在原文中找不到文字依据的推理，也不能依据表面文字信息作多步推理。推理的答案只能是根据原文表面文字一步推出的答案，也

2、就是某句话的同义改写 (paraphrase) 或综合。l 做题的方法：速读原文后，根据题干中的关键词找到原文的相关句，读懂后，对比选项，对相关句进行同义改写或综合概述的选项为正确答案。l 至今为止，四级真题中出现的推理题都是对局部细节进行的逆向或引申的判断。l 干扰项的特点：1. 以假乱真：不是基于文章事实或上下文逻辑关系进行推理而得出的观点。纯属主观臆断的结论。2. 主次不分：虽然是以文章提供的事实为基础进行的推理，但推理过头、概括过度。3. 直接、间接不分：把文章中明确表达的内容当成是推理得出来的。4. 手段与目的颠倒：原文中的手段变成了选项中的目的，或反之。段落或文章的结论 ：课本推断

3、训练3 句子或语篇中暗示的意思：课本推断训练4 课本推断训练 5 对复杂句的理解 Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette ( 礼节 ) that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents ("Chew with your mouth closed." "Keep your elbows of

4、f the table.") must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.l Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life_.A) are still a must on certain occasionsB) are bound t

5、o return sooner or laterC) are still being taught by parents at homeD) can help improve personal relationshipsExercise I:In only two decades Asian Americans have become the fastest-growing U.S. minority (少数民族). As their children began moving up through the nation's schools, it became clear that

6、a new class of academic achievers was emerging. Their achievements are reflected in the nation's best universities, where mathematics, science and engineering departments have taken on a decidedly Asian character. This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by the fact th

7、at Asian-American students who began their educations abroad arrived in the U.S. with a solid grounding in mathematics but little or no knowledge of English. They are also influenced by the promise of a good job after college. Asians feel there will be less unfair treatment in areas like mathematics

8、 and science because they will be judged more objectively. And the return on the investment in education is more immediate in something like engineering than with an arts degree.Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take ful

9、l advantage of what the American educational system has to offer. An effective measure of parental attention is homework. Asian parents spend more time with their children than American parents do, and it helps. Many researchers also believe there is something in Asian Culture that breeds success, s

10、uch ideals that stress family values and emphasize education.Both explanations for academic success worry Asian Americans because of fears that they feed a typical racial (种族的) image. Many can remember when Chinese, Japanese and Filipino immigrants (移民) were the victims of social isolation. Indeed,

11、it was not until 1952 that laws were laid down giving all Asian immigrants the right to citizenship.31. While making tremendous achievements at college, Asian-American students _.A) feel they are mistreated because of limited knowledge of EnglishB) are afraid that their academic successes bear a str

12、ong Asian characterC) still worry about unfair treatment in societyD) generally feel it a shame to have to depend on their parents32. What are the major factors that determine the success of Asian Americans?A) A solid foundation in basic mathematics and Asian Americans?B) Hard work and intelligence.

13、C) Parental help and a limited knowledge of English.D) Asian culture and the American educational system.33. Few Asian-American students major in human sciences mainly because _.A) their English is not good enoughB) they are afraid they might meet with unfair judgment in these areasC) there is a wid

14、e difference between Asian and Western culturesD) they know little about American cultures and Western cultures34. Why do the two "explanations" (Para. 3, Line 1) worry Asian Americans?A) They are afraid that they would again be isolated from American society in general.B) People would thi

15、nk that Asian students rely on their parents for success.C) Asian American would be a threat to other minorities.D) American academic achievements have taken on too strong an Asian character.35. The author's tone in this passage is _.A) sympathetic B) doubtful C) critical D) objectiveExercise II

16、: 课本训练1，2 Assignment:1. Fast-Reading2. 课本分项训练6，7，83 补充练习Passage One: In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profou

17、ndly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows. Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk（废话）". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes

18、the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer shows is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes（灾难）, yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments（困境）of other people&#

19、39;s lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to get

20、ting to know your neighbors. Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn

21、 something every valuable. Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time. Money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an associat

22、ion with the young adults of society. These are 18- to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation. While the two shows are as different as night and d

23、ay. Both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.1. Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer

24、and the Oprah Winfrey are _.A) more family-oriented B) unusually popularC) more profound D) relatively formal2. Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience _.A) remain fascinated by themB) are ready to face up to themC) remain indifferent to themD) are will

25、ing to get involved in them3. Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?A) A new type of robot. B) Racist hatred.C) Family budget planning. D) Street violence4. Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both _.A) ironical B) sensitive C) instructive D)

26、 cynical5. We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows _.A) have monopolized the talk show circuitB) exploit the weaknesses in human natureC) appear at different times of the dayD) are targeted at different audiencesPassage Two: 00-6-2Passage Two:In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial in

27、telligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior.

28、Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is t

29、hat AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence

30、. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and

31、 the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brain's neural（神经的）network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. &q

32、uot;People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors," he explains, "but it's not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brai

33、n's capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional comp

34、uters and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1 The author says that the powerful computers of today _.

35、A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB) are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50'sD) still cannot communicate with people in a human language2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from _.A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC) the aspirations of scientists to duplic