版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上膜技术和环境保护中的水处理 Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protection REN J ianxin1 , ZHANGBaocheng2 (1. China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co. , No. 9&
2、#160;West Road , Beitucheng Chaoyang District ,Beijing , China 2. Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic of Turin , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino&
3、#160; 10129 , Italy) Abstract : The paper present s a general summary on the state of the water resource and membrane industry of China. Now the water pol
4、lution is becoming more grave , and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth. China has 660 cities ,360 cities of them are short of water. Th
5、e situation in 110 cities is serious , and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous. It was predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict
6、 s and international wars. The water pollution in China is also very astonished. 77 % untreated wastewater is discharged ,and 46. 6 % river is polluted. Membrane
7、0;is a clean production technology ,which could be used to improve the quality of drink water ,treat the waste to reduce the pollution and save the water resource.
8、160;China has a lot of researchers and research institute on membrane. The paper present s some data of Chinese membrane research and manufacture. Key words : membrane
9、60; water treatment environment protection CLC number : TQ028. 8 Document code : A 1 Introduction Water is a main resource for our human being ,b
10、ut the problem of water is more serious than before. China is a developing country while it s economy goes forward rapidly. However , along with the development
11、;of economy , the eco- environmental problem is becoming worse and worse , such as shortage of resources , ecological damage , environmental pollution and etc. all these
12、 are bound to have fatal impacts on the improvement of our living standard and on the substantial development of economy. Now the central government is focusing on
13、160;the development over the western part of China , in which the economic development and the environmental protection bear key importance. Membrane separation technology is
14、an advanced technology that has been developing very quickly during the past several decades. In 1952 , Reid introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater with RO f
15、or the first time. In 1960 , Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical application , which was a symbol of the birth of
16、60;membrane science and technology. China has a 40year history of research and development of membrane. In this period , RO , NF , UF , MF , electric dialysis
17、160;, pervaporation membrane , liquid membrane , membrane reactor were developed , and have been put into application in the fields of energy , electronics ,petroleum ,
18、160;petrochemical , pharmacy , heavy industry , light industry , food and brewery industry , peoples daily life and the environmental protection. Especially in the water
19、treatment , the application of membrane technology turns wider and wider , and plays an increasingly important role. 2 The state of water resource and water p
20、ollution in China In range of environmental problems , water problem is extremely severe. There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve th
21、e shortage of water and how to treat the wastewater. This number will be doubled in the next 30 years. It is forecast by some experts that water , rather
22、160;than oil , is going to be the main cause of conflicts regionally even globally. There are 660 cities in China. Among them , more than 360 are short of&
23、#160;water and 110 are in urgent situation. Further more , 40 cities are in the list of the cities that are ext remely short of water. It is estimated that
24、 the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually , and that China will lack 60 billion tons water in 2030. Due to the water shortage , the product
25、;output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually. The water quality in China was deteriorated over the past few years. The polluted river length increased every year.
26、160;According to the statistical data in 1999 , 46. 5 % of rivers were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers , but the wastewater treated ratio was only
27、23 %. 1 Water pollution has become the obstacle of economic development and social progress. In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River , there are 21 counties disch
28、arging wastes into Yangzi River. The height of the float above water reaches 24 m , sometimes 6. 5 m. It has directly affected the work of Ge Zhou Ba
29、water power station. It causes frequent breakdown of Erjiang power station. The worst case happened was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown
30、60;with an electricity loss of 14 000 kW , equal to the capacity of a small power station. Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic develo
31、pment , but also endangers the existence of the people. The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2 , which causes the water undrinkable.
32、160; 3 State of membrane industry China has a lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane. The research on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane b
33、egan in 19582 . RO membrane began in 1965 and UF membrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane , cellulose acetate UF membrane , was used in electric
34、0;coat system in 1980s , after polysulfone hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured. The researches and the development also went ahead rapidly on NF membrane , gas
35、;membrane , inorganic membrane , pervaporation membrane and liquid membrane. Although the membrane industry of China is not big , it grows up very quickly. According to
36、160;the statistical data in 1997 , there were 13 big companies of membrane with the output over 1. 2 million in China ( Tab. 1) . The output of solo m
37、embranewas 45 million , within which the imported value was 27 million. The industrial output relevant to membrane was estimated 0. 17 billion and it will be 0.
38、;3 billion this year. The imported membrane is about 70 % sales in China. The output of locally manufactured membrane increased by 30 % annually. In 1997 ,
39、0;the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about 10 billion. It is estimated that the output value will be increased to 14 billion in
40、 2000. The output of membrane industry of USA was 1. 1 billion in 1997 and will reach 1. 6 billion in 2001 with the annual growth rate of 8. 0 %.
41、 In 1997 , the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was 0. 97 billion in Europe. It is reckoned to be 1. 65 billion in 2004 with the a
42、nnual growth rate of 7. 9 %. According to these growth rates , China will catch up with USA and Europe in the coming years as shown in Fig. 1. T
43、ab. 1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over 1. 2 million Fig. 1 The output increases of membrane products in USA , Europe and China Th
44、ere are tens of research institutes in China , of which more than 20 are on UF and MF membrane. Meanwhile , there are two research bases on membrane. One
45、160;is the aqueous membrane research institute The Development Center of Water Treatment Technology , SOA Hangzhou China , and the other is the gas membrane research
46、0;base National Engineering Research Center of Membrane Technology ,Dalian , China. 4 Application of membrane in water treatment The application of membrane in water tr
47、eatment depends on it s effectiveness of separation and cost of process. As an advanced separation technology , it is endowed with many advantages : high selectivity
48、;, applicability under ambient temperature without phase change , low cost of energy , high level of automation ,low pollution and etc. 4. 1 Desalination of s
49、eawater and black water RO is the most economical way for the desalination of seawater and black water. The energy consumption is less than 5 kW·h/ t for s
50、eawater or 0. 53 kW·h/ t for black water. The biggest plant of RO for seawater desalination can produce water 2. 1 ×105m3/ d , for black water is
51、;1. 3 ×105 m3/ d. It seems that RO is the best method to solve the problem of drinking water and industrial water in the draught areas. It can be veri
52、fied by the fact that most of the largest desalination plant s are located in Middle East as shown in tab. 23 . 4. 2 Purification of drinking
53、water Membrane is the best tool for the purification of drinking water because it can remove the suspended substance , bacteria , toxic metallic components and organic
54、60;components to improve the water quality. 90 % of the city water is productive water, only 9 % supplied water is the domestic water and only 1 % is drink
55、ing water. To supply water separately for the resident zones is an effective way to improve the quality of drinking water. Supplying water separately is to treat the
56、 1 % supplied water with membrane for special purpose. Separate supply system has been built in some resident zones of Beijing and Shenyang , which mainly use R
57、O membrane. Tab. 2 The largest five desalination plant s in the world The world total capacity of desalination in 1998 is 22 735 000 m3/ d. 4.
58、;3 Reuse of municipal domestic sewage City sewage is an important potential water resource. Recycled water for different purposes can be produced from the domestic sewag
59、e with membrane. It is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resource. There are 3 domestic sewage treatment factories in Beijing , and another 4 are
60、under const ruction. In addition , 15 more are to be built . The sewage treat ratio will mount to 80 % in 2006. Two million tons of the treated water&
61、#160;will flow out from these wastewater treatment factories. After treated with membrane , the water can be reused for industrial purpose , green area and other fields.&
62、#160;In this way , the municipal supplied water can be reduced , and the water resource can be fully utilized. If the membrane technology is applied in the deep
63、 treatment of the city sewage ,more than one million tons of discharged wastewater will be reduced every day only in Beijing. At the same time , more than
64、one million tons of the water resource can be saved. So it would retrench 0. 36 billion tons of water per year. This method can reduce the water pollution
65、, as well preserve the water resource. 4. 4 Treatment of industrial wastewater Industrial wastewater has many types in large quantity and it is very harmful.
66、If the wastewater can be treated , it would not only preserve the resource ,but also protect the environment because the wastewater contains some deleterious substances s
67、uch as oil ,metallic ions , phenol and etc. The membrane technology bears splendid significance in the industrial wastewater treatment . In early 1970s , RO membrane
68、;began to make the electric plating wastewater recycled Charged UF membrane turned the electro coating system in automatic company into clean producing line. The wastewater
69、160;treatment with membrane recycled the wastewaterin dyeing process UF membrane is a key technology for the reuse of oil wastewater. 5 Future of membrane applica
70、tion in water treatment The essence of membrane technology is a highly effective material. The material should provide high flux , high selectivity and so on.
71、0;In the wastewater treatment , we often encounter hazardous condition. Under such kind of circumstances , organic membrane sometimes cannot meet the requirement . Consequently
72、0;, more attention is paid to the inorganic membrane now that has fulfilled a considerable progress in these years with a rate of 30 %. Currently China can prod
73、uce tube ceramic membrane on industrial scale. With the decrease of water resource and the increase of water pollution , it is definitely that the membrane technology
74、0;, the separation technology of the lowest energy cost , will realize a brilliant future. RO , NF ,UF , MF , ion - exchange , dialysis etc which are
75、mainly used in water treatment will be the center of membrane technology. China is a country with a large population of nearly 1. 3 billion people , which cover
76、s one fifth of the world population , but the water resource is only 1/ 20 of world. Therefore the water resource per capita is only 1/ 4 of that of
77、160;the world. Membrane is an effective means to solve water problem. The advantage of membrane in water treatment is more and more obvious while it is application i
78、s wider and wider. The membrane industry of China marches rapidly at arate of 30 % annually. However , the difference from the developed count ry is still big.&
79、#160;The membrane output per capita is merely 1/ 32 of that of USA and 1/ 12 of that of the world. The membrane market in China is huge with a bright&
80、#160;outlook. To enhance the application of membrane in water treatment , we should : Ó Promote the application of membrane technology. Ó Develop new - fashion
81、membrane. 膜技术和环境保护中的水处理 任建新1 张保成2 (1. 中国蓝星化学清洗总公司, 中国北京朝阳区北土城西路号, 2. 意大利都灵理工大学化工系, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , 意大利) 摘 要: 这篇文章简单介绍了目前中国水资源和膜工业的现状。目前
82、,世界水污染日益严重,水资源日益短缺。中国有660 个城市,360 个城市缺水,110个城市严重缺水,40个城市极度缺水。有些专家预测,水资源将会成为许多地区冲突和国际战争的根源。中国的水污染十分严重,有46.5%的河流受到了污染,77%的污水未经处理被直接排放。膜技术在水处理方面有着独特的优势。膜技术是一种可以用来提高人们饮用水质量、处理污水节约水资源的清洁技术。中国也有众多的膜研究人员和膜公司。这篇文章介绍了中国膜技术的研究和膜制造的一些数据。 关键字: 膜技术/水处理/环境保护 1 简介 水是对
83、人类最为重要的资源,水资源的各种问题也比以往严重的多。 中国是经济飞速发展的发展中国家。但是随着经济的发展生态环境问题也日益严峻,例如资源短缺、生态破坏、环境污染等等,这一切对我们的生存水平的提高和经济的快速发展都有极大的束缚。现在政府致力的西部大开发,经济发展和环境保护同为重中之重。 膜分离技术是一项新型技术,在被开发至今的几十年中发展非常快。1952年,Reid第一次介绍了用反渗透技术淡化海水想的设想。1960年,Loeb和Sourirajin生产了第一个有实际应用可能的反渗透膜,这标志着膜科学与技术的诞生。中国对膜技术的研究和发展有40年的历史。其中反渗透、纳滤、超滤
84、、微滤、电渗析、渗透汽化膜、液态膜、膜反应器等都有一定发展,并且在能源、电子、石油、石化、制药、重工业、轻工业、食品、酿酒业以及人们的日常生活、环境保护等领域都投入了使用。特别是在水处理方面,膜技术的应用面越来越广,发挥的作用越来越重要。 2 中国水资源和水污染的现状 在众多的环境问题中,水的问题是最为严峻的。全球三分之一的人们都面临着水资源短缺或者废水处理的问题,而这个数字在未来30年内将会翻倍。有专家预测,水将代替石油成为区域冲突乃至全球冲突的主要原因。 中国有660个城市,其中360多个城市缺水,110个处于紧缺状态,更有40个城市位列极度缺水的城市名单之中。据估算,中国每年的缺水量为400.00亿吨,到2030年,这个数字将会上升到600.00亿吨,而由于水资源的短缺,产品产值每年将会减少2400亿元人民币。 在过去数年中,中国水资源的水质不断恶化,被污染的河长逐年提高。据1999年统计数据,在监测的100万公里的河流中,46.5受到污染,但废水处
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 废旧滑板采购合同范例
- 夫妻双方房产赠与合同范例
- 合伙经营洗浴中心合同范例
- 垃圾保洁清运合同范例
- 精装修房子购买合同范例
- 废旧门窗收购合同范例
- 宾馆水电施工合同范例
- 买卖白菜合同范例
- 父母借款买房合同范例
- 周口单位用工合同范例
- 新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州各县区乡镇行政村村庄村名居民村民委员会明细及行政区划代码
- 五年级上册数学课件-9.3 图形王国丨苏教版 (共16张PPT)
- 苏教版四年级英语上册期末试卷
- 艾肯MICU声卡安装调试教程
- EAP培训(共47张)(PPT 47页)
- 更改通知单模版
- 酒店部门岗位职责组织结构图
- 最完整平面设计费价目表50125
- 地理专业英语词汇
- 2022年《职教法》职业教育解读PPT
- 健康体检中心管理规范
评论
0/150
提交评论