印染废水处理论文外文翻译

1、 本文由xukexin0601贡献 doc文档可能在WAP端浏览体验不佳。建议您优先选择TXT，或下载源文件到本机查看。 十八章 外文翻译 印染废水处理论文 摘要：本文分析了印染废水处理的所面临的问题，以及介绍了印染废水处理 方法的研究进展与动向。并指出不同印染废水处理方法的组合是印染废水处 理的有效方法。 关键词：印染废水；处理方法 纺织印染工业作为中国具有优势的传统支柱行业之一，20 世纪 90 年代以来获 得迅猛发展，其用水量和排水量也大幅度增长。据不完全统计，我国日排放印 染废水量为 3000-4000kt，是各行业中的排污大户之一。加强印染废水的处理可 以缓解我国水资源严重匮乏的问题

2、，对保护环境、维持生态平衡起着极其重要 的作用。 1 印染废水处理面临的问题 1.1 排放标准的日益严格 随着社会经济的不断发展和人们环境意识的提高，我国加大了对印染污水的 治理。根据纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准 ，除类污水排放指标变化不 大外，国家增加了类和类污水印染废 BOD、COD、色度、悬浮物、氨氮、 苯胺类、二氧化氯等指标的排放限定。而印染废水水质一般平均为 COD800-2000mg/L，色度 200-800 倍，pH 值 10-13，BOD/COD 为 0.25-0.4， 因此印染废水的达标排放是印染行业急需要解决的问题。 1.2 印染废水处理难度增加 1.2.1 印染废水组分复

3、杂 印染废水是指印染加工过程中各工序所排放的废水混合而成的混合废水。主 要包括：预处理阶段(如烧毛、退浆、煮练、漂白、丝光)排放的退浆、煮练、 漂白、丝光废水；染色阶段排放的染色废水；印花阶段排放的印花废水和皂 洗废水；整理阶段排放的整理废水。 印染废水水质随原材料、生产品种、生产工艺、管理水平的不同而有所差异， 导致各个印染工序排放后汇总的废水组分非常复杂。随着染料工业的飞速发 展和后整理技术的进步，新型助剂、染料、整理剂等在印染行业中被大量使 用，难降解有毒有机成分的含量也越来越多，有些甚至是致癌、致突变、致 畸变的有机物，对环境尤其是水环境的威胁和危害越来越大。总体而言，印 染废水的特点

4、是成分复杂、有机物含量高、色度深化学需氧量(COD)高，而 生化需氧量(BOD5)相对较低，可生化性差，排放量大。 1.2.2 印染废水处理方法的局限性 80 年代以前， 我国印染废水的可生化性较高， CODcr 浓度常在 800mg/L 以下， 采用传统的生物与物化联合处理系统，出水即可达到排放标准。近二十年来， 印染废水水质发生了很大的变化。传统的印染废水处理方法，如吸附、悬浮、 过滤、混凝等具有设备简单，操作简便和工艺成熟的优点，但是这类处理方 法通常是将有机物从液相转移到固相或气相，不仅没有完全消除有机污染物 和消耗化学药剂，而且造成废物堆积和二次污染；生物法只能除去印染废水 中的 B

5、OD，对于 COD 特别是有毒难降解有机物和色度的出去效果不明显。 单一的处理方法已不能满足当前印染废水发展的要求。 2 印染废水处理研究进展与动向 2.1 传统方法和工艺的改进 2.1.1 吸附法 吸附法特别适合低浓度印染废水的深度处理，具有投资小、方法简便、成本 低的特点，适合中小型印染厂废水的处理。传统的吸附剂主要是活性碳，活 性碳只对阳离子染料、直接染料、酸性染料、活性染料等水溶性染料具有较 好的吸附性能，但是不能去除水中的胶体疏水性染料，并且再生费用高，使 活性碳的应用受到限制。近几年，研究的重点主要在开发新的新的吸附剂以 及对传统的吸附剂进行改良方面。 2.1.2 混凝法 混凝法具

6、有投资费用低、设备占地少、处理容量大、脱色率高等优点。混凝 剂有无机混凝剂、有机混凝剂及生物混凝剂等。传统混凝法对疏水性染料脱 色效率很高。缺点是需随着水质变化改变投料条件，对亲水性染料的脱色效 果差，COD 去除率低。如何选择有效的混凝脱色工艺和高效的混凝剂，则是 该技术的关键。 2.1.3 化学氧化法 化 学 氧 化 是 目 前 研 究 较 为 成 熟 的 方 法 。 氧 化 剂 一 般 采 用 Fenton 试 剂 (Fe2 ,H2O2)、臭氧、氯气、次氯酸钠等。按氧化剂的不同，可将化学氧化分 为：臭氧氧化法和芬顿试剂氧化法。臭氧氧化法不产生污泥和二次污染，但 是处理成本高，不适合大流量

7、废水的处理，而且 CODcr 去除率低。通常很少 采用单一的臭氧法处理印染废水，而是将它与其它方法相结合，彼此互补达 到最佳的废水处理效果。汪晓军等13用臭氧-曝气生物滤池工艺处理模拟废 水 2.1.4 电化学法 电化学法具有设备小、占地少、运行管理简单、CODcr 去除率高和脱色好等 优点，但是沉淀生成量及电极材料消耗量较大，运行费用较高。传统的电化 学法可分为电絮凝法、电气浮法、电氧化法以及微电解、电解内法等。国外 许多研究者从研制高电催化活性电极材料着手，对有机物电催化影响因素和 氧化机理进行了较系统的理论研究和初步的应用研究，国内在这一领域的研 究还刚刚起步。 2.1.5 生物处理法

8、生物处理法主要包括好氧法和厌氧法。目前国内主要采用好氧法进行印染废 水处理。好氧法又分为活性污泥法和生物膜法。活性污泥既能分解大量的有 机物质，又能去除部分色度，还可以微调 pH 值，运转效率高且费用低，出水 水质较好，适合处理有机物含量较高的印染废水；生物膜法对印染废水的脱 色作用较活性污泥法高。但是生物法存在着三个自身无法解决的问题：剩 余污泥的处里费用较高；单一运用生物法己不能满足实际运用的需要； 有时需要在其前端加一道提高废水可生化性的预处理，提高了投资及运行成 本。 单一的好氧生物处理只能去除废水中的部分易降解的有机物，色度问题无法 解决。为了降低消耗及去除废水中较难降解的有机污染物

9、，出现了厌氧-好氧 新型处理工艺和生物强化技术。厌氧-好氧法可先由厌氧过程中的产酸阶段， 去除部分较易降解的有机污染物，将较难降解的大分子有机物分解为较简单 的小分子有机物，再通过好氧生物处理过程进一步去除。厌氧-好氧法处理难 生化降解的印染废水具有除污染效率高、运行稳定和较强的耐冲击负荷能力 等特点。有研究报道，采用厌氧-好氧工艺处理印染废水，在进水 CODcr 为 1085mg/L， BODS 为 315mg/L 的情况下， 二者的去除率分别可达 83.9 和 76.2， 再经硫化床自然氧化和混凝沉淀处理，去除悬浮物，排水可达排放标准。 由于传统的生物方法对色度的去除往往不够理想，国内外许

10、多学者致力于培 育或改良高降解活性菌种用于印染废水处理，产生了生物强化技术。其机理 为向废水处理系统中投加自然界中的优势菌种或通过基因组合技术产生的高 效菌种，增强生物量，强化生物量的反应，以去除某一种或某一类有害物质 为目的。目前，生物强化技术最普遍的应用方式是直接投加对目标污染物具 有特效降解能力的微生物。 2.2 高新技术的应用和实践 2.2.1 光化学氧化法 光化学氧化法由于其反应条件温和(常温、 常压)、 氧化能力强和速度快等优点。 光化学氧化可分为光分解、光敏化氧化、光激发氧化和光催化氧化四种。目 前研究和应用较多的是光催化氧化法。 光催化氧化技术能有效地破坏许多结构稳定的生物难降

11、解的有机污染物，具 有节能高效、污染物降解彻底等优点，几乎所有的有机物在光催化作用下可 以完全氧化为 CO2、H2O 等简单无机物。但是光催化氧化方法对高浓度废水 效果不太理想。 关于光催化氧化降解染料的研究主要集中在对光催化剂的研究上。 其中， TiO2 化学性质稳定、难溶无毒、成本低，是理想的光催化剂。传统的粉末型 TiO2 光催化剂由于存在分离困难和不适合流动体系等缺点，难以在实际中应用。 近年来，TiO2 光催化剂的搀杂化、改性化成为研究的热点。 2.2.2 膜分离技术 膜分离技术处理印染废水是通过对废水中的污染物的分离、浓缩、回收而达 到废水处理目的。具有不产生二次污染、能耗低、可循

12、环使用、废水可直接 回用等特点。膜分离技术虽然具有如此多的优点，但也存在着尚待解决的问 题，如膜污染、膜通量、膜清洗、以及膜材质的抗酸碱、耐腐蚀性等问题， 所以，现阶段运用单一的膜分离技术处理印染废水，回收纯净染料，还存在 着技术经济等一系列问题。现在膜处理技术主要有超滤膜，纳米滤膜和反渗 透膜。膜处理对印染废水中的无机盐和 COD 都有很好的去除作用。 3 结语 随着排放标准的日益严格，各国学者在印染废水的处理技术方面进行了深入 的探索。相信随着科学技术的不断进步，印染废水的处理工艺将逐渐完善， 投资省、运行费用低、操作简单的处理技术将给印染废水的处理带来新的希 望。 Dyeing Wast

13、ewater Treatment Abstract: This paper analyzes the treatment of dyeing wastewater issues facing, and describes methods of dyeing wastewater treatment progress and trends. And pointed out that different methods of dyeing wastewater treatment is a combination of effective treatment of dyeing wastewate

14、r. Keywords: Dyeing wastewater; treatment As the textile industry has the advantage of one of the traditional pillar industries, the 20th century was the rapid development since the 90s, its water consumption and discharge are greatly increased. According to incomplete statistics, China's daily

15、discharge dyeing wastewater capacity 3000-4000kt, is the big one of the sewage industry. Strengthen the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment can ease the severe shortage of water resources issues, protection of the environment, maintain ecological balance plays a very important role. A printing

16、and dyeing wastewater treatment problems 1.1, the increasingly stringent emission standards With the development of social economy and people's environmental awareness, our increased investment in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. According to "textile dyeing and finishing of indust

17、rial water pollutant discharge standards", in addition to class effluent changed little, the state increased the class and dyeing wastewater effluent BOD, COD, color, suspended solids, ammonia, aniline, Chlorine dioxide emission limits and other indicators. The general water quality printing an

18、d dyeing wastewater average COD800-2000mg / L, chroma 200-800 times, pH, 10-13, BOD / COD for the 0.25-0.4, so printing is a printing and dyeing wastewater discharge standards in the industry need to solve the problem. 1.2 The difficulties in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment 1.2.1 components

19、 of complex printing and dyeing wastewater Printing and dyeing wastewater refers to the process of dyeing process wastewater discharged by each process a mixture of mixed wastewater. Include: pre-processing stage (such as singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization) emissions desizing, sc

20、ouring, bleaching, mercerization wastewater; dyeing stage of dyeing wastewater discharge; printing stage of waste water and discharge printing soaping wastewater; finishing stages of finishing wastewater discharge. Quality printing and dyeing wastewater with raw materials, production varieties, prod

21、uction technology and management level vary, leading to various printing and dyeing process wastewater discharge summary after the component is very complex. With the rapid development of industrial dyes and finishing technology, new additives, dyes, finishing agents in the dyeing industry, being us

22、ed extensively in refractory toxic organic content are more and more, and some are carcinogenic, mutation, resulting in distortion of the organic matter, on the environment especially the water environment of threats and hazards is growing. Overall, the printing and dyeing wastewater is characterize

23、d by complex composition, organic matter content is high, dark color and chemical oxygen demand (COD), whereas the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is relatively low, poor biodegradability, emission volume. 1.2.2 the limitations of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment 80 years ago, our printing

24、and dyeing wastewater biodegradability higher, CODcr often concentration 800mg / L the following, using the traditional biological and physico-chemical co-treatment system, effluent discharge standards can be achieved. Past two decades, water quality printing and dyeing wastewater has undergone grea

25、t changes. Traditional printing and dyeing wastewater treatment methods, such as adsorption, suspension, filtration, coagulation and other features simple, easy to operate and process the advantagesof maturity, but such treatment is usually to transfer organic matter from liquid to solid or gas, not

26、 only did not complete elimination of organic pollutants and consumption of chemicals and pollution caused by waste accumulation and secondary; biological methods can only remove the printing and dyeing wastewater BOD, COD, especially for toxic and refractory organics and color out of little effect.

27、 Single approach can not meet the current requirements of the development of dyeing wastewater. 2 Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Treatment and Trends 2.1 traditional methods and process improvement 2.1.1 Adsorption Assay suitable for low-depth treatment of dyeing wastewater with low investment, whic

28、h is simple and low cost, suitable for small and medium sized printing and dyeing wastewater. Traditional activated carbon adsorbent is mainly activated carbon only cationic dyes, direct dyes, acid dyes, reactive dyes and other water-soluble dye has good adsorption properties, but not removal of col

29、loidal hydrophobic dyes, and the high cost of renewable so that the application of activated carbon is limited. In recent years, research focused mainly on the development of new adsorbents and new adsorbent for improvement on the traditional side. 2.1.2 Coagulation Coagulation with low investment c

30、osts, equipment, small footprint, processing capacity, decolorization rate and so on. Coagulants are inorganic coagulants, organic coagulants and biological coagulant. Traditional coagulation decolorization efficiency on hydrophobic high. It requires change with changes in feed water quality conditi

31、ons, the decolorization effect of hydrophilic poor, COD removal rate. How to choose an effective coagulation process and efficient coagulant, it is the key to the technology. 2.1.3 Chemical Oxidation Study of chemical oxidation is more mature approach. Oxidant commonly used Fenton reagent (Fe2, H2O2

32、), ozone, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, etc. According to the different oxidants, chemical oxidation can be divided into: ozone oxidation and Fenton's reagent oxidation. Ozonation does not produce sludge and secondary pollution, high costs, however, not suitable for large flow waste water treat

33、ment, and CODcr removal rate. Seldom a single ozone treatment of dyeing wastewater, but will combine it with other methods, complementary to each other to achieve the best wastewater treatment effects. Wang Xiaojun et al 13 with ozone biological aerated filter wastewater treatment process 2.1.4 Elec

34、trochemical Electrochemical method has the equipment, small, small footprint, simple operation and management, CODcr removal rate and the bleaching of high and good, but the precipitation formation and consumption of large electrode materials, higher operating costs. The traditional electrochemical

35、methods can be divided into electric flocculation, electric float, electro-oxidation and micro-electrolysis, electrolysis within the law. Many foreign researchers from the developing electrode materials with high electrocatalytic activity to proceed, on the organic electro-catalytic oxidation mechan

36、ism of influencing factors and a more systematic application of theoretical study and preliminary research, the domestic research in this field has just started. 2.1.5 biological treatment Biological treatment include aerobic and anaerobic methods. Currently the main method of dyeing wastewater usin

37、g aerobic treatment. Divided into aerobic activated sludge and biofilm. A large number of both activated sludge decomposition of organic material, but also remove some color, you can fine-tune the pH value, high efficiency and low cost of operation, effluent quality is better suited to deal with pri

38、nting and dyeing wastewater with higher organic matter content; biofilm decolorization of dyeing wastewater than the activated sludge process. However, there are three biological methods can not solve its own problems: Department of residual sludge in higher costs; single-use biological Ji can not m

39、eet the needs of practical application; sometimes necessary to add a front-end to improve its wastewater biodegradability pretreatment, to improve the investment and operating costs. Only a single aerobic biological treatment to remove part of readily biodegradable wastewater organic matter, color c

40、an not solve the problem. In order to reduce consumption and waste removal more difficult to degrade organic pollutants in the emergence of anaerobic - aerobic treatment process and the new biological technology. Anaerobic - aerobic anaerobic process can start with the acid production phase to remov

41、e part of the easily degradable organic pollutants, degradation of macromolecules will be more difficult to decompose organic matter to simpler organic molecules, and through aerobic biological treatment process to further remove. Anaerobic - aerobic treatment of biodegradable wastewater was difficu

42、lt with the removal of pollution, high efficiency, stable and strong resistance capacity and so on. Studies have reported that anaerobic - aerobic process of dyeing wastewater, the influent CODcr to 1085mg / L, BODS to 315mg / L in the case, both the removal rate up to 83.9 and 76.2, respectively, a

43、nd then by fluidized bed natural oxidation and coagulation treatment to remove suspended solids, water up to emission standards. The traditional biological method of color removal is often not ideal, many domestic and foreign scholars dedicated to nurturing high-degradation activity of bacteria or i

44、mproved treatment of dyeing wastewater, resulting in a bioaugmentation. The mechanism for the wastewater treatment system to increase the dominant species in nature or produced through genetic technology and efficient combination of bacteria, increased biomass, enhanced biomass response to removal o

45、f a particular hazardous substance or class of purpose. At present, the biological technology is the most common application form directly to the target dosage degradation of pollutants with the effects of microorganisms. 2.2 The application and practice of high-tech 2.2.1 Photochemical Oxidation Ph

46、otochemical oxidation due to its mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature and pressure), oxidation capability and speed advantages. Photochemical oxidation of decomposition can be divided into light, photosensitization oxidation, light excitation of four oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation.

47、More current research and application of photocatalytic oxidation is. Photocatalytic oxidation can effectively destroys many structural stability Di difficulty to the degradation of organic pollutants, Juyou energy efficiency, pollution and other degradation Chedi advantages, almost all of the organ

48、ic matter in the next Ke Yi Guang complete oxidation catalyst for the CO2, H2O and other inorganic Jian Dan material. However, the photocatalytic oxidation effect of high concentrations of waste water is not ideal. On the photocatalytic degradation of dyes in the light focused on the study of catalysts. Which, TiO2 chemical stability, insoluble non-toxic, low cost, is an ideal