Analysis of Qualitative Data(质性资料分析)

1、1Analysis of Qualitative Data(質性資料分析)Social Research Methods2113 & 6151Spring, 2007May 1522, 20072Four parts Comparing Methods of Data Analysis Coding and Concept Formation Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data Other Techniques3Comparing data analysis methodsSimilarities of quantitative and q

2、ualitative data analysis (質性與量化資料分析的相似處) inferring from the empirical details of social life To infer (推論): based on evidence Involving a public method or process (公開的方法或過程蒐集資料) Comparison is central (資料分析的重點在於比較) Compare evidence to locate patterns (similarities and differences) Striving to avoid e

3、rrors, false conclusions, and misleading inferences (避免各項錯誤)4Comparing data analysis methodsQuantitative data analysis A specialized, standardized set of techniques Begin to analyze data after data collection and processing Test hypotheses Social life measured by using numbers, then using statistics

4、 Qualitative data analysis less standardized, often inductive Begin analysis while collecting data Create new concepts and theory Data relatively imprecise, diffuse, and context-based5Explanations and Qualitative Data Developing explanations that are close to concrete data and contexts (解釋接近具體的資料與脈絡

5、) Less abstract theory grounded in concrete details, sensitive to context, could be causal Either highly unlikely or plausible Can eliminate an explanation b showing contradictory evidence Best to make theories and concepts explicit (最好讓理論和概念明確)6Coding and Concept Formation Conceptualization: ground

6、ed in data Concept formation begins during data collection Data analysis: organizing data into categories on the basis of concepts/themes, i.e., coding (根據概念或是主題，把資料分成不同類別來分析) Ideas and evidence mutually interdependence7Coding in Qualitative Data Analysis Coding: organizing the raw data into concept

7、ual categories and create themes/concepts (編碼: 將原始資料依概念類別整哩，以發展出新的主題或概念) Difficult for novice researchers Two simultaneous activities: Mechanical data reduction (資料縮減) Reducing large amount of data into manageable piles Quickly retrieve parts of data Analytic categorization of data (資料依分析類別整理)8Three

8、 types of codingOpen coding (開放式編碼)Axial coding (主軸式編碼)Selective coding (選擇性編碼)9Open Coding Open coding: performed during a first pass through collected data (剛開始蒐集資料的第一階段使用開放式編碼) Reads all field notes or other data Writes a preliminary code label on the edge of a record Brings themes to the surface

9、 from deep inside the data (將主題從資料內部浮現出來)10Axial Coding A “second pass” through the data, already have an organized sets of codes/concepts To review and examine initial codes: think about linkages between concepts (回顧檢視先前的編碼: 思考概念間的連結) Organize themes and identify the axis of key concepts Ask about

10、causes and consequences, conditions and interactions, strategies, and processes, Cluster categories/concepts (將概念或類別群聚)11Selective Coding Scan all the data and previous codes, look selectively for cases for comparisons and contrasting (再一次地掃描資料與先前的編碼，選擇性地檢視能進行比較或對比的個案)12Coding and Concept Formation

11、Analytic memo writing (撰寫分析備忘錄): discussion of thoughts and ideas about the coding A link between the concrete data or raw evidence and theoretical thinking Outcropping (表面事實): events on the surface Events as presenting deeper structural relations 13Analytic memo writing141516Analytic Strategies for

12、 Qualitative Data NOTE: data analysis means a search for patterns (類型) in data Ideal types (理念型): models or mental abstractions of social relations/processes Pure standards used for comparison To contrast the impact of contexts and as analogy17Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data Successive appr

13、oximation (連續的近似): repeated iterations between the empirical data and the abstract concepts, adjusting theory and refining data collection each time The illustrative method (舉例法): taking theoretical concepts and treating them as empty boxes to be filled with specific empirical examples and descripti

14、ons18Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data Analytical comparison (分析比較): developed by John Stuart Mill; need multiple cases Identifying many factors for a set of cases, sorts through logical combinations of factors, and compares them across cases Nominal comparison because factors most often are

15、nominal A few cases & intensive data analysis19Analytical comparison (分析比較)Category II: Milk Segregation Processor Characterstics Processor ID Type of Processors Patron Size Farmers Certified Products labeled as “rBGH-Free” Certified Products 1006 Milk Supplier Large Yes Yes - 1016 Milk Supplier

16、 Large Yes n.a. - 1031 Milk Supplier Medium Small Yes n.a. - 1020 Milk Supplier Small Yes Yes - 1026 Milk Supplier/ Manufacturer Small Yes n.a. Cheese 1015 Manufacturer Medium Small Yes No Milk 1023 Manufacturer Medium Small Yes No Milk 1017 Manufacturer Medium Large Yes Yes Milk 1011 Manufacturer L

17、arge n.a. n.a. Milk 20Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data Analytical comparison: method of agreement and method of difference Method of agreement (一致法) What is common across cases, using a process of elimination Method of difference (差異法): 1) locating cases similar in many respects but differen

18、t in a few crucial ways, 2) focusing on the differences among cases21Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data Narrative Analysis (敘事分析): a historical writing as well as a types of qualitative data analysis Narrative: multiple meanings A narrative (as raw data): referring to the condition of social l

19、ife Narrative text: a story-like format people apply to organize and express meaning in social life Narrative inquiry: method of investigation and data collection 22Narrative Analysis Narrative: multiple meanings A narrative style: “storytelling” ; blending description, empathetic understanding, and

20、 interpretation Narrative a a method of analyzing data Narrative analysis: path dependency, periodization, & historical contingency23Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data Negative Case Method (反面個案方法): what is not explicit in the data; what did not happen Systematically examining the absence of what is expected A single negative case can tell a lot about what theories did not take into account24Other Techniq