粒径表示方法

1、粒徑大小的測定(原文)How methods and instruments have kept pace with changing technology There are many methods and instruments available for drop size data collection. Since repeatable test results are essential in comparing nozzle performance data, it is essential to use testing procedures that take into ac

2、count all of the potential variables in the sampling technique for both methods and instrumentation. By spraying water into a pan of oil and shuttering the spray, it is possible to count and size individual drops using a microscope. This technique is still used by some researchers. Problems with thi

3、s method involve drop coalescence, inadequate sample size and the fact that very small drops will be deflected away from the oil by air currents at the surface due to the spray velocity. Also, larger drops can and do break-up from impacting the surface. The same type of method is used when spraying

4、a dye onto a stationary card, or water onto liquid sensitive paper. Again, the small drops might be deflected away from the target and the large drops can break-up from the impact. Data collected by these "intrusive" methods depends on a number of uncontrolled variables making such test re

5、sults generally non-repeatable. While drop size data was being collected in the early 1950's using methods such as flash photography, probably the first real breakthrough in drop sizing technology was the development in 1961 of an automated imaging analyzer (Figure 5).1 1 The Electronic Imaging

6、Analyzer was developed at Spraying Systems Co. by Dr. Verne Dietrich and built by the Dage Division of TRW, Michigan City, Indiana. The design was awarded U.S. Patent 3275733 in September of 1966, and is currently in its second generation. Basically, the Electronic Imaging Analyzer incorporates the

7、spatial measurement technique using a strobe light to illuminate the spray and record the image with a vidicon tube. The image is scanned, and the drops are sized and separated into different classes. Resulting data can be mathematically corrected using velocity data to give a flux distribution. Sou

8、rces of error early in the development of this device included blurring, depth of field variations and vidicon tube saturation. These sources were recognized and corrected. The imaging type analyzer is still actively promoted by some nozzle manufacturers. The limited availability of this type of ins

9、trument, however, prevents independent researchers and other interested members of the drop size analyzer community from verifying data arrived at from a particular test or comparing performance from similar designs. More recently the development of commercially available drop size analyzers makes i

10、t feasible to verify drop size results by independent sources. This new breed of analyzers incorporates lasers, special optics and digital circuitry to minimize imaging error. Some of the more commonly recognized manufacturers of laser measurement instruments include Malvern, Particle Measuring Syst

11、ems (PMS), and Aerometrics. The following is an analysis of three of their instruments. Malvern Particle AnalyzerThe Malvern Analyzer, which is considered a spatial sampling device, utilizes the fact that a spray drop will cause laser light to scatter through an angle dependent on the diameter of th

12、e drop (see Figure 6). The scattered light intensity is measured using a series of semicircular photo diodes. Theoretically, the distance of the individual photo diodes from the centerline of the laser and the intensity functions are all that are needed to calculate the drop size distribution. A cur

13、ve-fitting program is used to convert the light intensity distribution into any of several empirical drop size distribution functions. Since the Malvern has some self-diagnostics, potential sources of error are easier to identify. The instrument must be aligned and calibrated periodically using reti

14、cle slides with known etched drop distributions. Perhaps the biggest source for error with this type of instrument is multiple light scattering. If the spray is too dense, there is a possibility that the scattered light from one drop might be scattered again by other drops further down the beam axis

15、. The Malvern is equipped with an "obscuration level" indicator which can be used to determine if the spray is too dense, but such a determination is often difficult. To circumvent this in the lab, the technician typically moves the nozzle farther away or uses special shielding to permit o

16、nly a portion of the spray to enter the sample area.Particle Measuring SystemsParticle Measuring Systems, also know as PMS, produces instruments known as Optical Array Probes. The PMS Optical Array Probe is a flux sampling instrument (see Figure 7). As the drops pass through the sampling plane, the

17、drops are sized and counted providing information which can be used to determine velocity. The two-dimensional grey scale OAP can provide drop measurement in two ranges, 100 and 6200 microns and 200 to 12,400 microns, and is currently the most sophisticated offered by PMS. The PMS OAP Grey Scale pro

18、bes are extremely advanced and have extensive self-diagnostics. These probes will reject drop images which are out of focus or which do not meet a series of other acceptability tests automatically. Problems with PMS units usually center on improper calibration or maintenance. The optics tend to get

19、wet easily and cleaning and alignment require some skill. Also, dense sprays tend to overload the circuitry and sample area reductions are often necessary. Sample area correction factors and drop distribution curve fitting equations are needed and left up to the operator to include in the analysis.A

20、erometricsThe Aerometrics Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, or PDPA, is a point sampling device and a flux-sensitive instrument (see Figure 8). Point sampling refers to an instrument that focuses on a portion of the total spray pattern and requires targeting several test points within the spray in or

21、der to obtain a composite sample of the spray flux distribution. The PDPA uses a low power laser that is split into two beams by utilizing a beam splitter and a frequency module. The two laser beams intersect again into a single beam at the sample volume location. When a drop passes through the inte

22、rsection region of the two laser beams, an interference fringe pattern is formed by the scattered light. Since the drop is moving, the scatted interference pattern sweeps past the receiver aperture at the Doppler difference frequency which is proportional to the drop velocity. The spatial frequency

23、is inversely proportional to the drop diameter. Aerometrics offers an optional fibre optic probe which isolates the instrument from the spray and eliminates the potential for error due to vibration caused by direct contact with larger capacity sprays. Other drop sizing instruments which are commercially available, generally use lasers and operate on principles which we have previously discussed. 粒子大小的表示粒滴大小是指構成噴嘴噴霧形狀的各個噴霧液滴的大小。在給定的某一噴霧中，所有噴霧液滴並非一般大小。描寫一次噴霧中液滴大小的方法有：